A Study on the Cement Gel Formation Process during the Creation of Nanomodified High-Performance Concrete Based on Nanosilica
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.2. Theoretical Prerequisites for Obtaining High-Strength Nano-Modified Concretes
1.3. The Mechanism of Influence of Nano-Modifiers on the System of Hardening High-Strength Fine-Grained Concretes
- -
- Nanosized particles provide an increase in the volume of chemisorption-bound water and a decrease in capillary-bound water; all this together leads to an increase in the packing density of dispersed particles and a general decrease in the porosity of the cement matrix;
- -
- The catalytic role of nanosized particles as crystallization centers with the corresponding effect of lowering the energy threshold of this process and accelerating it;
- -
- Nanosized particles participate in the chemical processes of the phase formation of hydrated compounds.
1.4. Novelty, Purpose, and Objectives of the Study
- -
- Firstly, the study of the process of cement gel formation during the creation of nano-modified high-strength concretes with nano-modifying additives;
- -
- Secondly, we choose the most rational way of performing the nano-modification of such concretes through additional research in terms of optimization;
- -
- Thirdly, and finally, by linking the well-known combination of “composition–structure–properties” in relation to nano-modified concrete, we show the applied effectiveness of the theoretical knowledge obtained for the structure formation and properties of high-strength concrete using nano-modifiers.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
- -
- Technological equipment—laboratory concrete mixer BL-10 (ZZBO LLC, Zlatoust, Russia);
- -
- Testing equipment—hydraulic press IP-1000 (NPK TEHMASH LLC, Neftekamsk, Russia), R-50 tensile testing machine (IMash LLC, Armavir, Russia);
- -
3. Results
3.1. Development of a Method for Obtaining Nanosilica by Mechanical Dispersion in a Planetary Ball Mill “Activator-4M”
3.2. Optimization of the Composition of the Nano-Modifier According to the Criteria of Strength Characteristics
- -
- The content of nanosilica—4% by weight of cement;
- -
- Content of superplasticizer additive MELFLUX 1641 F—1.4% by weight of cement;
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- The content of the hyperplasticizer additive “MC-PowerFlow”—3% by weight of cement;
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- Water–cement ratio—0.33.
4. Discussion
- (1)
- A mechanism that provides an increase in the packing density of the system for the addition of dispersed particles, a decrease in its total porosity, and a change in the structure of the porosity of the material—the nanosized particles present in the system are able, by increasing the volume of adsorption and chemisorption-bound water, to reduce the volume of capillary-bound and free water—lead to change in the rheological properties of the cement paste and concrete mixture, to increase their viscosity and plastic strength;
- (2)
- The mechanism associated with the catalytic role of nanosized particles as crystallization centers with the corresponding effect of lowering the energy threshold of this process and accelerating it;
- (3)
- The mechanism of zoning the hardening structure by nanosized particles (microvolumes of the hardening structure are in the field of energy, thermodynamic influence of individual nanosized particles, which may be accompanied by the formation of an organized structure as a system of crystallites from hydrated phases);
- (4)
- The mechanism associated with the possibility of the direct chemical participation of nanosized particles in the heterogeneous processes of the phase formation of hydrate compounds (this possibility is determined both by a substantial feature, the chemical and mineralogical compositions of particles, and by increased values of their specific surface area and specific surface energy) [54].
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The most rational method for the nano-modification of high-strength concretes was chosen through additional research in terms of optimization. The effective time of grinding microsilica to nanosilica was 12 h;
- (2)
- A complex nano-modifier containing nanosilica, superplasticizer, hyperplasticizer and sodium sulfate was developed;
- (3)
- The most significant influence on the strength characteristics of high-strength fine-grained concretes was exerted by the following factors: dosage of nanosilica; dosage of superplasticizer; and water–cement ratio;
- (4)
- The most effective combination of the four considered factors was obtained: nanosilica content was 4% by weight of cement; the content of the superplasticizer additive was 1.4% by weight of cement; the content of the hyperplasticizer additive was 3% by weight of cement; and water–cement ratio was 0.33. The maximum difference in strength characteristics, in comparison to other combinations, ranged from 45% to 57%, depending on the type of strength;
- (5)
- From the point of view of the structure formation of the cement composites, the developed nano-modifier allowed us to interfere and control the process of formation of new crystallization centers due to the active interaction between nanosilica particles, provided that these particles were rationally dosed, which formed new crystallization centers in the concrete body and contributed to the formation of a denser packing of particles that developed a more advanced structure. The effect was proven not only at the level of physically bound water, but also on the process of cement gel formation due to the appearance of new nano-modified crystallization centers.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Property | Value | Standard |
---|---|---|
Specific surface, cm2/g | 3253 | GOST 30744-2001 “Methods of testing using polyfraction standard sand” |
Normal density, % | 26.5 | |
Density, kg/m3 | 3146 | |
Setting time, hour–min. | ||
- Start | 2–25 | |
- End | 3–45 | |
Compressive strength at 28 days, MPa | 55.8 |
Element | Proportion, % |
---|---|
Chemical composition | |
SiO2 | 21.03 |
Al2O3 | 5.03 |
Fe2O3 | 4.06 |
MgO | 2.03 |
CaO | 62.53 |
SO3 | 2.44 |
TiO3 | 0.064 |
LOI | 2.2 |
Na2O | 0.22 |
K2O | 0.38 |
Chlorine ion CI¯ | 0.016 |
Mineralogical composition | |
C3S | 68 |
C2S | 14 |
C3A | 7 |
C4AF | 11 |
Indicator Title | Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grain Composition of Sand | Sieve Size, mm | 2.5 | 1.25 | 0.63 | 0.315 | 0.16 | <0.16 |
Private Balances, % | 18.6 | 12.5 | 24.6 | 31.6 | 9.3 | 3.1 | |
Total Balances, % | 18.6 | 31.1 | 55.7 | 87.3 | 96.6 | ||
Size modulus | 2.9 | ||||||
Content of dust and clay particles, % | 0.85 | ||||||
True grain density, kg/m3 | 2692 | ||||||
Bulk density, kg/m3 | 1475 | ||||||
Sand class by grain composition | 1 | ||||||
Voidness of sand, % | 45 |
Indicator | Value |
---|---|
Delivery form | Powder |
Color | Yellowish |
Bulk density, g/L | 480 |
pH | 8.0 |
Storage temperature | from +5 °C to +35 °C |
Indicator | Indicator Value |
---|---|
Supplement base | Polycarboxylate |
Additive color | Brown liquid |
Density, g/cm3 | 1.3 |
pH | 6.5 |
Storage temperature | From +5 °C to +35 °C |
Indicator | Value |
---|---|
Appearance | Free-flowing white powder |
Mass fraction of sodium sulfate, (Na2SO4), % | 99.5 |
Mass fraction of water-insoluble residue, % | 0.2 |
Mass fraction of chlorides in terms of sodium chloride (NaCl), % | 0.2 |
Mass fraction of water, % | 0.1 |
Indicator of activity of hydrogen ions of an aqueous 1% solution of sodium sulfate | 8.2 |
Optimization Parameter | Physical Meaning of Optimization Parameters |
---|---|
Ultimate compressive strength of concrete samples at 28 days | |
Ultimate strength in axial compression of concrete samples at 28 days | |
Ultimate tensile strength in the bending of concrete specimens aged 28 days | |
Axial tensile strength of concrete samples at 28 days |
Factor Code | The Physical Meaning of the Factor | Level of Variation | Interval of Variation δ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−2 | −1 | 0 | 1 | +2 | |||
X1 | The content of nanosilica, % by weight of cement | 2.5 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 5.5 | 1 and 0.5 |
X2 | Additive content MELFLUX 1641 F, % by weight of cement | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 0.7 and 0.3 |
X3 | The content of the additive “MC-PowerFlow”, % by weight of cement | 1.5 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4.5 | 1 and 0.5 |
X4 | W/C ratio | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.02 and 0.01 |
Num | Coded Factor Values | Natural Values Factor | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | |||||
1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 3 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.31 | 71.7 | 52.8 | 8.5 | 5.7 |
2 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 5 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.31 | 77.3 | 57.1 | 9.7 | 5.9 |
3 | −1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 3 | 2.1 | 2 | 0.31 | 70.5 | 53.8 | 8.4 | 4.9 |
4 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 5 | 2.1 | 2 | 0.31 | 78.1 | 58.5 | 9.6 | 5.6 |
5 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 3 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.31 | 72.8 | 55.6 | 8.3 | 5.0 |
6 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 5 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.31 | 79.6 | 52.1 | 8.8 | 5.6 |
7 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 3 | 2.1 | 4 | 0.31 | 70.8 | 54.1 | 8.5 | 5.3 |
8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 5 | 2.1 | 4 | 0.31 | 77.8 | 58.3 | 8.7 | 5.6 |
9 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 3 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.35 | 72.4 | 55.3 | 8.5 | 5.3 |
10 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 5 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.35 | 69.8 | 52.4 | 8.9 | 4.9 |
11 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 3 | 2.1 | 2 | 0.35 | 68.7 | 51.5 | 8.8 | 4.8 |
12 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 5 | 2.1 | 2 | 0.35 | 71.9 | 54.9 | 8.5 | 5.5 |
13 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.35 | 68.8 | 51.6 | 8.4 | 4.8 |
14 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.35 | 71.3 | 53.5 | 9.2 | 5.0 |
15 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2.1 | 4 | 0.35 | 72.3 | 54.2 | 8.2 | 5.1 |
16 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 2.1 | 4 | 0.35 | 74.8 | 56.4 | 8.7 | 5.2 |
17 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 67.0 | 52.3 | 9.9 | 4.7 |
18 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.5 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 76.9 | 57.7 | 9.1 | 5.4 |
19 | 0 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 68.7 | 50.5 | 8.8 | 4.8 |
20 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 72.3 | 54.2 | 8.4 | 5.1 |
21 | 0 | 0 | −2 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.33 | 82.1 | 61.6 | 11.8 | 5.7 |
22 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 4.5 | 0.33 | 75.8 | 58.9 | 11.6 | 5.3 |
23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.30 | 73.6 | 55.2 | 11.7 | 5.2 |
24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.36 | 69.8 | 52.4 | 11.4 | 4.9 |
25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 97.8 | 73.4 | 11.8 | 7.2 |
26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 95.7 | 71.4 | 11.9 | 7.2 |
27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 96.4 | 72.3 | 11.5 | 7.3 |
28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 94.8 | 70.5 | 11.4 | 7.4 |
29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 97.6 | 73.2 | 11.7 | 7.3 |
30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 98.4 | 73.8 | 11.8 | 7.2 |
31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 0.33 | 95.1 | 72.3 | 11.4 | 7.1 |
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Beskopylny, A.N.; Stel’makh, S.A.; Shcherban’, E.M.; Mailyan, L.R.; Meskhi, B.; Varavka, V.; Beskopylny, N.; El’shaeva, D. A Study on the Cement Gel Formation Process during the Creation of Nanomodified High-Performance Concrete Based on Nanosilica. Gels 2022, 8, 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060346
Beskopylny AN, Stel’makh SA, Shcherban’ EM, Mailyan LR, Meskhi B, Varavka V, Beskopylny N, El’shaeva D. A Study on the Cement Gel Formation Process during the Creation of Nanomodified High-Performance Concrete Based on Nanosilica. Gels. 2022; 8(6):346. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060346
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeskopylny, Alexey N., Sergey A. Stel’makh, Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Levon R. Mailyan, Besarion Meskhi, Valery Varavka, Nikita Beskopylny, and Diana El’shaeva. 2022. "A Study on the Cement Gel Formation Process during the Creation of Nanomodified High-Performance Concrete Based on Nanosilica" Gels 8, no. 6: 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8060346