Application of Polymer Hydrogels in the Prevention of Postoperative Adhesion: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of Hydrogel
2.1. Definition of Hydrogel
2.2. Classification of Hydrogels
- (1)
- Natural hydrogels and synthetic hydrogels
- (2)
- Physical and chemical crosslinking hydrogels
- (3)
- Homopolymer hydrogels, copolymerized hydrogels, and polymer hydrogels
- (4)
- Solid hydrogels, semi-solid hydrogels, and liquid hydrogels
Basis | Classify | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Polymer sources | Natural hydrogel | Biocompatible, low irritation | Low strength, toughness | [41] |
Synthetic hydrogel | High gel strength, long life performance | Low biocompatibility, irritation to tissues | [43] | |
Crosslinking degree | Physical crosslinking hydrogels | Easy to produce, high biosafety, reversible | Susceptible to outside influences, lack of stability | [47] |
Chemical crosslinking hydrogels | Stable, long-lasting mechanical strength | Irreversible, low biocompatibility, difficult to degrade | [57] | |
Polymer composition | Homopolymer hydrogels | Pure product, low impurities | Limited performance improvements | [75] |
Copolymerized hydrogels | Excellent properties | High cost of raw materials | [78] | |
Polymer hydrogels | High flexibility, diverse properties | Difficult to synthesize | [16,80] | |
Physical state | Solid hydrogel | Robust and flexible, with a strong crosslinked network structure | Weak tissue adhesion | [29,53,84,90] |
Semi-solid hydrogel | Strong adhesion, good wetting, adsorption properties | Synthetic complexity | [29,86] | |
Liquid hydrogel | Biocompatible, functional, excellent loading capacity | Hard to surface modify | [89] |
3. Advantages of Hydrogels for the Prevention of Postoperative Adhesion
3.1. Biocompatibility and Biodegradability
3.1.1. Hyaluronic Acid
3.1.2. Gelatin
3.1.3. Carboxymethyl Cellulose
3.1.4. Chitosan
3.1.5. Alginate
3.2. Delivery Performance
3.2.1. Anti-inflammatory Drugs
3.2.2. Tissue Plasminogen Activator
3.2.3. Anticoagulant Drugs
3.2.4. Anti-microbial Drugs
3.3. Adhesion Performance
4. New Progress in the Application of Hydrogel in Anti-Postoperative Adhesions
4.1. Physical Crosslinking Polymerization
4.1.1. Ionic–Electrostatic Crosslinked Hydrogel
4.1.2. Hydrogen Bonds Crosslinked Hydrogel
4.2. Chemical Crosslinking Polymerization
4.2.1. Chemical Crosslinking Hydrogel
4.2.2. Photoinitiated Hydrogel
4.2.3. ‘Click’ Chemically Reactive Hydrogel
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cai, J.; Guo, J.; Wang, S. Application of Polymer Hydrogels in the Prevention of Postoperative Adhesion: A Review. Gels 2023, 9, 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020098
Cai J, Guo J, Wang S. Application of Polymer Hydrogels in the Prevention of Postoperative Adhesion: A Review. Gels. 2023; 9(2):98. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020098
Chicago/Turabian StyleCai, Jie, Jiaming Guo, and Shige Wang. 2023. "Application of Polymer Hydrogels in the Prevention of Postoperative Adhesion: A Review" Gels 9, no. 2: 98. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020098