Recent Progress in Self-Healable Hydrogel-Based Electroluminescent Devices: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Introduction to Electroluminescence Devices
3. EL Devices Based on Self-Healable Hydrogels
3.1. Self-Healable Hydrogels
3.2. Synthesis of Self-Healable Hydrogels
4. Hydrogels for EL Device Fabrication
4.1. Polyacrylic Acid-Based Hydrogels
4.2. PMA-Based Hydrogels
4.3. Silk-Fibroin-Based Hydrogels
- Tough materials such cellulose nanocrystals could be incorporated in order to improve the mechanical stability of silk fibroin hydrogels [100];
- To improve the stretchability and compressibility of hydrogels, polymers such as polyacrylamide, graphene oxide and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) could be mixed with silk fibroin [99];
- Silk fibroin could be chemically modified using photo-cross-linking with glycidyl methacrylate to improve the tensile properties and environmental stability [98];
- To improve the rheological and ion-conductive properties of silk fibroin, silk fibroin can be injected with xanthan gum with the help of cross-linkers [97];
- Hydrogels for EL applications from silk fibroin are eco-friendly [102];
- To obtain real-time self-healing hydrogels, silk fibroin has been combined with tannic acid [103];
- Among the list of hydrogels for electroluminescence materials, hydrogels based on silk fibroin is one of the most researched one.
4.4. Conductive Hydrogels
4.5. MXene-Based Hydrogels
4.6. Polyvinyl-Alcohol-Based Hydrogels
5. Challenges of Hydrogel-Based Materials for Electroluminescence
6. Future Outlooks and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Conductive Materials | EL Materials | Dielectrics | Performances | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Polyacrylamide hydrogels | phosphor | acrylic elastomer | luminance when stretched up to an area strain of 1500%, self-healing | [18] |
Polyacrylamide with Li+ ion | phosphor | - | 1600% extension, tension 0.22 MPa and toughness 2.2 MJ/m3, self-healing | [16] |
potassium iodide and glycerol | ZnS: Cu | polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) | even light emission at 140% stretching along with bending, rolling, and twisting | [123] |
poly (acrylic acid) + PEDOT: BCNF a | - | - | showed ultra-stretchability of 2850% and speedy independent self-healing | [124] |
Zwitterionic Nanocomposite | - | - | stretchability over 1000% strain, tensile strength up to 0.61 MPa | [125] |
BMMIm [TFSI-based b | ZnS: PDMS | acrylic elastomer | stretching ability up to 500%, self-healing | [126] |
MXene and AA-based c | ZnS: Cu with PDMS d | - | ultra-elasticity (1000% to 3200%), self-healing | [127] |
PAM-PVA Hydrogel | phosphor | silicone elastomer | highly stretchable (over 1500%) | [128] |
PAAm hydrogel + PEDOT: PSS | ZnS | poly (2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) | extremely high stretchability and elastomeric properties | [129] |
Polydopamine-doped PPy | - | - | high tensile strength up to 120 kPa tough and stretchable. | [130] |
Composite | Fabrication Methods | Performances | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Polyacrylamide | free radical polymerization | excellent stability and EL properties, lights up to 50 LEDs (ZnS:Cu phosphor) | [128] |
Phytic acid | one freeze–thaw cycle | conductivity of 1.34 kΩ and 95% optical transparence | [145] |
Polyacrylamide | aqueous synthesis | high color-rendering index of 92.1 (R9 = 92.0) was obtained | [150] |
Metal nanoclusters | aqueous polymerization | color-rendering index (CRI) of 86 with CIE color coordinate of (0.33, 0.35) | [146] |
Pectin | aqueous polymerization | luminescent intensity at 473 nm and 617 nm (I473/I617) | [151] |
Polyaniline (PANI) | chemical oxidative polymerization | fluorescence is observed from PANI | [148] |
Polyurethane (PU) | mechanical deposition | electroluminescence intensity at 514 nm | [52] |
Polyacrylamide | injection | highly optical transparency | [16] |
Poly (acrylic acid) | cross-linking via H2 bonding | excellent Conductivity | [152] |
Carbon dots | immobilization | bright blue fluorescence with the quantum yield of 0.35 | [153] |
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Tadesse, M.G.; Lübben, J.F. Recent Progress in Self-Healable Hydrogel-Based Electroluminescent Devices: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2023, 9, 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9030250
Tadesse MG, Lübben JF. Recent Progress in Self-Healable Hydrogel-Based Electroluminescent Devices: A Comprehensive Review. Gels. 2023; 9(3):250. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9030250
Chicago/Turabian StyleTadesse, Melkie Getnet, and Jörn Felix Lübben. 2023. "Recent Progress in Self-Healable Hydrogel-Based Electroluminescent Devices: A Comprehensive Review" Gels 9, no. 3: 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9030250