Controllable Preparation and Research Progress of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Bacterial Infections and Their Drug Resistance
1.2. Advantages of Antibacterial Hydrogels
1.3. Antibacterial Mechanism
1.3.1. Endogenous Sterilization
1.3.2. Exogenous Sterilization
2. Classification and Technical Principles of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels
2.1. Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels Based on PTT
2.2. Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels Based on PDT
2.3. PTT and PDT Synergistic Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels
3. Controllable Preparation of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels and Their Antibacterial Activity
3.1. Preparation and Antibacterial Activities of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels Using Radiation
3.1.1. Electron Beam Radiation Preparation
3.1.2. γ-ray Radiation Preparation
3.2. Preparation and Antibacterial Activity of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels through Chemical Crosslinking
3.3. Preparation of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels and Their Antibacterial Activity via Physical Crosslinking
4. Characteristics of Controllable Preparation of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels
4.1. Characteristics of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels Prepared via Chemical Crosslinking
4.2. Characteristics of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels Prepared via Physical Crosslinking
4.3. Characteristics of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels Prepared through Radiation Crosslinking
4.3.1. Fast and Efficient
4.3.2. Extremely Low Cost
4.3.3. Good Biocompatibility
4.3.4. Mild Reaction Conditions and Good Production Controllability
4.3.5. Green Environmental Protection and Pollution-Free
5. Applications
5.1. Biomedical Field
5.2. Food Safety Field
5.3. Environment Protection Field
5.4. Agriculture Field
6. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Excitation Source | Characteristics | Mechanisms | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
Light | (1) Fast, efficient, and not prone to antibiotic resistance; (2) Green, environmentally friendly, poor tissue penetration depth force, unavoidable shortcomings of light treatment for tissue damage. | (1) Photodynamic therapy: photosensitizers produce cytotoxic ROS under light excitation of a certain wavelength, thus causing oxidative damage to bacteria; (2) Photothermal therapy: photothermic agents generate high temperatures through non-radiative relaxation of electrons excited under light irradiation, resulting in thermal ablation of bacteria. | [42,43,44,45] |
Magnetic field | (1) Safe, controllable, good penetration depth of tissue; (2) By using inexpensive, recyclable, and biocompatible superparamagnetic nanoparticles, the intensity and position of the magnetic field can be controlled to achieve targeted sterilization. | (1) Bacteria are captured through electrostatic interactions; (2) Radiation frequency-mediated physical disturbance and bacterial cell membrane dysfunction; (3) Magnetic loss under a magnetic field is converted into heat, and bacteria and biofilms are inactivated by thermal stress. | [46,47,48] |
Ultrasonic Wave | (1) Good biocompatibility and safety; (2) Good tissue permeability (>10 cm), and ultrasound energy can be precisely focused on the target, significantly reducing damage to normal surrounding tissues. | (1) Sonodynamic therapy like photodynamic therapy and sonosensitive agents produce ROS under ultrasonic excitation, resulting in oxidative damage; (2) Ultrasonic cavitation can produce shear forces that destroy biofilms and cell membranes. | [49,50,51] |
Electric field | (1) High energy utilization efficiency and antibacterial activity; (2) Degradation of electrodes in both electrochemical (direct oxidation or ROS generation) and non-electrochemical (electroporation) processes may result in the release of harmful components. | (1) ROS generation and local electric field enhancement are caused by the unique catalytic activity and physical properties (high conductivity and sharp structure) of the electric field active material; (2) Irreversible electroporation damage caused by a strong electric field to the cell membrane. | [52,53,54] |
Microwave | (1) Strong penetration, minor side effects; (2) The energy is much lower than that required to excite any kind of material to induce ROS production. | (1) Excellent thermal conversion efficiency, which can cause thermal ablation of bacteria; (2) Some materials have been proved to mediate the generation of ROS through microwave-induced photodynamics. | [55,56] |
Classification | Species of Hydrogels | Materials | Antimicrobial Capability | Applications | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Radiation crosslinking | Nano TiO2/CMCS/PVA ternary photosensitive antibacterial complex hydrogel | Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMCS), nano-titanium Dioxide (TiO2) | E. coli, S. aureus | Photosensitive antibacterial | [12] |
g-C3N4/CMCS/PVA ternary photosensitive antibacterial complex hydrogel | g-C3N4 (Graphitic carbon nitride), CMCS, PVA | E. coli | Photosensitive antibacterial | [114] | |
NIPAAm/HHPC/Fe3O4 complex hydrogel | NIPAAm (N-isopropylacrylamide), HHPC (Hypersubstituted hydroxypropyl cellulose), Fe3O4 | E. coli, S. aureus | Wound dressing | [115] | |
PVA/Agar/ZnO hydrogel | PVA, Agar, ZnO nanoparticles | B. subtilis bacteria | Wound dressing | [116] | |
Ag/PVA hydrogel | PVA, AgNO3 | E. coli, S. aureus | Wound dressing | [117] | |
ZnO/PVA hydrogel | ZnO, PVA | E. coli, S. aureus | Wound dressing | [118] | |
AgNP/gelatin/PVA hydrogel | Gelatin, PVA, AgNO3 | E. coli, S. aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | Wound dressing | [119] | |
P-PVA hydrogel | 6-chlorobenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one, phosphorus oxychloride, PVA | Aspergillus fumigatus, Geotrichum candidum, Candida albicans, Syncephal-astrum racemosum, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillis subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli | Drug delivery, Wound healing | [120] | |
Chemical crosslinking | Ag-TOC hydrogel (Ag9Ti4 hydrogel) | [Ag(CH3CN)3][Ag8Ti4(SA)12(CH3CN)2](Ag9Ti4),Ti(OiPr)4, Salicylic acid, PVA, DA | E. coli, S. aureus | Treatment of healing wounds | [121] |
AgPOM Multifunctional injectable hydrogel | Gelatin (gel), Tea polyphenol (TP), urea, AgPOM nanoparticles | S. aureus, MRSA | Wound dressing | [100] | |
CuS@C Photosensitive antibacterial complex hydrogel | carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC), curcumin, CuS nanospheres | E. coli, S. aureus | Wound dressing | [32] | |
Physical crosslinking | QCS-MoS2/PVA hydrogel | MoS2, chitosan quatenary ammonium salt (QCS), PVA | E. coli, S. aureus | Biomedical materials, Photothermal antibacterial | [122] |
PVA-CS-PDI/TA hydrogel | Chitosan (CS), PVA, PDI-Ala, tannic acid (TA) | E.coli, S. aureus | Wound dressing, Cancer treatment | [34] |
Excitation Source | Characteristics | Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Chemical crosslinking | A three-dimensional network is formed through cross-linking with covalent bonds, resulting in stable properties and a durable structure. | (1) The catalyst and initiator remain in the hydrogel. The composition of hydrogel is complicated, and the performance of hydrogel is affected; (2) If the initiator or catalyst is toxic, it will further limit the application of hydrogels in the biomedical field. | [127,128,129] |
Physical crosslinking | Non-covalent bond forces, such as hydrophobic association forces, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, coordination bonds, and van der Waals forces, result in cross-linking to obtain a three-dimensional network structure. | (1) Since the chains are reversible and maintain in a steady state, they will recover when heated; (2) Poor mechanical strength. | [130,131,132] |
Radiation crosslinking | 1. Fast and efficient 2. Extremely low cost 3. Good biocompatibility 4. Mild reaction conditions and good production controllability 5. Green environmental protection and pollution-free Free radicals (·OH, ·H, etc.) generated by water radiation capture hydrogen on the polymer chain to generate macromolecular free radicals, thus triggering cross-linking reactions without adding initiator. The resulting product is pure, with adjustable reaction conditions such as a safe dose and dose rate, high controllability, large range of monomer selection, or it can be directly synthesized from the polymer. | (1) 60Co radiation source is extremely radioactive. Improper operation will cause harm to the human body; (2) Electron accelerators are expensive. | [63,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143] |
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Wang, Z.; Fu, L.; Liu, D.; Tang, D.; Liu, K.; Rao, L.; Yang, J.; Liu, Y.; Li, Y.; Chen, H.; et al. Controllable Preparation and Research Progress of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels. Gels 2023, 9, 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070571
Wang Z, Fu L, Liu D, Tang D, Liu K, Rao L, Yang J, Liu Y, Li Y, Chen H, et al. Controllable Preparation and Research Progress of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels. Gels. 2023; 9(7):571. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070571
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhijun, Lili Fu, Dongliang Liu, Dongxu Tang, Kun Liu, Lu Rao, Jinyu Yang, Yi Liu, Yuesheng Li, Huangqin Chen, and et al. 2023. "Controllable Preparation and Research Progress of Photosensitive Antibacterial Complex Hydrogels" Gels 9, no. 7: 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9070571