Rheological Properties and Flow Behaviour of Cement-Based Materials Modified by Carbon Nanotubes and Plasticising Admixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Study
2.1. Materials
2.2. Testing Methodology
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Characteristics of Suspension Containing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Carboxymethyl Cellulose
3.2. MWCNT Influence on the Plasticising Efficiency
3.3. MWCNT Influence on Flow Behaviour of Cement Paste
3.4. MWCNT Influence on the Duration of Plasticising Effect
3.5. MWCNT Influence on Water Bleeding of Cement Paste
4. Discussion
4.1. Rheological Properties of Cement Paste
4.1.1. Steric Effect
4.1.2. Surface Area and Particles Distribution Density Effect
4.1.3. Chemical Interaction Effect
4.2. Water Bleeding of Cement Paste
5. Conclusions
- The cement pastes without and with LS and NF plasticising admixtures possess shear thinning flow behaviour (n < 1), with PCE—the shear thickening flow behaviour (n > 1). MWCNT do not have a significant influence on the flow behaviour of cement paste; however, in the case of use of PCE, the shear thickening effect decreased from a MWCNT dosage of 0.03% bwoc. Mainly, the flow behaviour of the cement paste is determined by the type of applied plasticising admixture.
- The MWCNT suspension increases yield stress and plastic viscosity of cement pastes but to different extents depending on the type of plasticising admixture. More remarkable changes in rheological parameters were observed for nanomodified cement paste with PCE due to a combination of physical and chemical interactions in the nanomodified cement systems. The increases in yield stress and plastic viscosity of cement paste by 265% and 107%, respectively, were established with an increase in MWCNT dosage up to 0.12%bwoc.
- The complex modification of cement paste by the MWCNT suspension with LS and NF changes the yield stress and plastic viscosity no more than 10–20%.
- The addition of MWCNT to the cement pastes enables the maintenance of the plasticising effect of admixtures for more than 2 h. The yield stress and plastic viscosity of nanomodified cement paste without plasticising admixture and with LS and NF slightly increased during the 120 min after cement paste mixing (up to 23%). The addition of MWCNT in the dosage over 0.03% bwoc to the cement pastes with PCE slightly decreased the yield stress and plastic viscosity during the 120 min after cement paste mixing (up to 11%) due to the improvement of the steric effect.
- The shear thinning/thickening indexes of MWCNT-modified cement pastes remained constant for all types of plasticising admixture during the 120 min after cement paste mixing.
- Modification of cement paste by MWCNT with its high surface area resulted in the reduction in the volume coefficient of water bleeding by 85%, 99%, 100%, and 83%, respectively, for the MWCNT suspension without plasticising admixture and with LS, NF, and PCE with an increase in MWCNT dosage up to 0.24% bwoc.
- The decrease in water bleeding of plasticised cement pastes with an increase in MWCNT dosage can be expressed by exponential dependence.
- The current research proposed the action mechanisms of MWCNT in plasticised cement systems, which consist of changes in the ordinary steric effect of plasticisers, the effect of the high surface area of MWCNT, particles distribution density, and chemical interaction.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Lignosulphonate(LS) | Naphthalene Formaldehyde (NF) | Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE) |
---|---|---|---|
Form | liquid | liquid | liquid |
Colour | dark brown | yellow | yellow |
Dry content, % | 30–40 | 40–50 | 50 |
Specific gravity, g/cm3 | 1.14 | 1.20 | 1.10 |
pH | 4–6 | 7–9.5 | 4 |
Recommended dosage, % | 0.4–1.2 | 0.5–2.0 | 0.2–2.0 |
Designation | MWCNT/CMC Suspension without Pl | Designation | MWCNT/CMC Suspension with Pl | Time of Ultrasonication, min | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MWCNT in Volume of Suspension, % | CMC in the Volume of Suspension, % | MWCNT in Volume of Suspension, % | CMC in the Volume of Suspension, % | Pl in Volume of Suspension, % | |||
S15 | 0.015 | 0.018 | SP15 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 3.8 | 6 |
S30 | 0.030 | 0.037 | SP30 | 0.030 | 0.037 | ||
S60 | 0.060 | 0.073 | SP60 | 0.060 | 0.073 | ||
S120 | 0.120 | 0.146 | SP120 | 0.120 | 0.146 | ||
S240 | 0.240 | 0.293 | SP240 | 0.240 | 0.293 | ||
S480 | 0.480 | 0.586 | SP480 | 0.480 | 0.586 | ||
S960 | 0.960 | 1.171 | SP960 | 0.960 | 1.171 |
Designation | Cement, g | W/C | Water, g | MWCNT/CMC Suspension, g | MWCNT, % bwoc | CMC, % bwoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C0 | 200 | 0.30 | 60 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
C4 | 200 | 0.30 | 0 | 60 | 0.00375 | 0.00460 |
C8 | 200 | 0.30 | 0 | 60 | 0.0075 | 0.0092 |
C15 | 200 | 0.30 | 0 | 60 | 0.015 | 0.018 |
C30 | 200 | 0.30 | 0 | 60 | 0.030 | 0.037 |
C60 | 200 | 0.30 | 0 | 60 | 0.060 | 0.073 |
C120 | 200 | 0.30 | 0 | 60 | 0.120 | 0.146 |
C240 | 200 | 0.30 | 0 | 60 | 0.240 | 0.293 |
Designation | Cement, g | W/C | Water, g | Pl, % bwoc | MWCNT/CMC Suspension with Pl, g | MWCNT, % bwoc | CMC, % bwoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP0 | 200 | 0.25 | 50 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CP4 | 200 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 50 | 0.00375 | 0.00460 |
CP8 | 200 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 50 | 0.0075 | 0.0092 |
CP15 | 200 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 50 | 0.015 | 0.018 |
CP30 | 200 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 50 | 0.030 | 0.037 |
CP60 | 200 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 50 | 0.060 | 0.073 |
CP120 | 200 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 50 | 0.120 | 0.146 |
CP240 | 200 | 0.25 | 0 | 1 | 50 | 0.240 | 0.293 |
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Skripkiunas, G.; Karpova, E.; Bendoraitiene, J.; Barauskas, I. Rheological Properties and Flow Behaviour of Cement-Based Materials Modified by Carbon Nanotubes and Plasticising Admixtures. Fluids 2020, 5, 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040169
Skripkiunas G, Karpova E, Bendoraitiene J, Barauskas I. Rheological Properties and Flow Behaviour of Cement-Based Materials Modified by Carbon Nanotubes and Plasticising Admixtures. Fluids. 2020; 5(4):169. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040169
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkripkiunas, Gintautas, Ekaterina Karpova, Joana Bendoraitiene, and Irmantas Barauskas. 2020. "Rheological Properties and Flow Behaviour of Cement-Based Materials Modified by Carbon Nanotubes and Plasticising Admixtures" Fluids 5, no. 4: 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040169