Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.L.; methodology, B.W.; software, Y.S.; validation, Y.S.; formal analysis, B.W.; investigation, Y.S.; resources, B.W.; data curation, B.W.; writing—original draft, Y.S.; writing—review and editing, B.W.; visualization, Y.S.; project administration, J.L.; funding acquisition, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of zigzag PV greenhouse structure (mm).
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of zigzag PV greenhouse structure (mm).
Figure 3.
A real picture of the zigzag PV greenhouse.
Figure 3.
A real picture of the zigzag PV greenhouse.
Figure 4.
Schematic diagram of greenhouse model structure (mm).
Figure 4.
Schematic diagram of greenhouse model structure (mm).
Figure 5.
North end of the field experiment model (insect net can be opened).
Figure 5.
North end of the field experiment model (insect net can be opened).
Figure 6.
Side view of the field experiment model.
Figure 6.
Side view of the field experiment model.
Figure 7.
Schematic diagram of the front and back sections of the light intensity measurement point (mm).
Figure 7.
Schematic diagram of the front and back sections of the light intensity measurement point (mm).
Figure 8.
At 12:00 a.m. The light distribution of each point in the north–south direction of the corresponding area in each plate greenhouse. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 8.
At 12:00 a.m. The light distribution of each point in the north–south direction of the corresponding area in each plate greenhouse. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 9.
At 10:30 a.m. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 9.
At 10:30 a.m. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 10.
At 11:30 a.m. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 10.
At 11:30 a.m. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 11.
At 12:30 p.m. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 11.
At 12:30 p.m. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 12.
At 13:30. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 12.
At 13:30. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 13.
At 14:30. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 13.
At 14:30. Average light intensity at each point. (Where there is a single marked letter, the difference is not significant, and where there are different marked letters, the difference is significant).
Figure 14.
The average illumination intensity of each point of the 20 line/inch 3 mm thick grating plate at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 14.
The average illumination intensity of each point of the 20 line/inch 3 mm thick grating plate at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 15.
The average illumination intensity of each point of the 25 line/inch 4 mm thick grating plate at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 15.
The average illumination intensity of each point of the 25 line/inch 4 mm thick grating plate at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 16.
The average illumination intensity of each point of the 30 line/inch 3 mm thick grating plate at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 16.
The average illumination intensity of each point of the 30 line/inch 3 mm thick grating plate at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 17.
The average illumination intensity of each point of the 40 line/inch 2 mm thick grating plate at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 17.
The average illumination intensity of each point of the 40 line/inch 2 mm thick grating plate at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 18.
The average light intensity of each dot band of 2 mm thick glass at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 18.
The average light intensity of each dot band of 2 mm thick glass at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 19.
The average light intensity of each dot band of 3 mm thick glass at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Figure 19.
The average light intensity of each dot band of 3 mm thick glass at different times (illuminance at different time points from point A to point I).
Table 1.
Experimental arrangement.
Table 1.
Experimental arrangement.
Roof Inclination Angle/° | Point | Translucent Components | Data Acquisition (Time) |
---|
12 | A | Translucent glass: | 10:30 |
| B | 2 mm glass | 11:30 |
| C | 3 mm glass | 12:00 |
| D | Grating plate: | 12:30 |
| E | 20 line/inch 3 mm | 13:30 |
| F | 30 line/inch 3 mm | 14:30 |
| G | 25 line/inch 4 mm | |
| H | 40 line/inch 2 mm | |
| I | | |
Table 2.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 20 line/inch 3 mm grating transmittance component.
Table 2.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 20 line/inch 3 mm grating transmittance component.
Time | 20 Line/Inch 3 mm | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
---|
10:30 | Average (Lux) | 13,204 | 19,023 | 16,967 | 17,407 | 18,648 | 30,788 | 42,619 | 51,477 | 47,391 |
Variance | 6540 | 22,226 | 19,731 | 19,084 | 14,952 | 13,310 | 7521 | 5145 | 8753 |
Cv | 0.495 | 1.168 | 1.163 | 1.096 | 0.802 | 0.432 | 0.176 | 0.100 | 0.185 |
Illumination (%) | 68.27 | 29.86 | 31.12 | 33.93 | 47.29 | 69.89 | 88.47 | 93.12 | 87.35 |
11:30 | Average (Lux) | 9048 | 8280 | 8264 | 9791 | 21,463 | 37,555 | 49,452 | 43,701 | 29,714 |
Variance | 829 | 2293 | 2334 | 1469 | 7380 | 19,831 | 28,091 | 25,080 | 11,564 |
Cv | 0.092 | 0.279 | 0.282 | 0.150 | 0.344 | 0.528 | 0.568 | 0.530 | 0.389 |
Illumination (%) | 94.48 | 81.46 | 81.24 | 86.97 | 61.38 | 39.35 | 34.41 | 38.78 | 55.07 |
12:30 | Average (Lux) | 9028 | 8038 | 8154 | 9658 | 18,696 | 36,957 | 53,929 | 52,073 | 32,435 |
Variance | 691 | 2395 | 2417 | 1724 | 4369 | 17,637 | 30,407 | 29,221 | 14,127 |
Cv | 0.077 | 0.298 | 0.296 | 0.178 | 0.234 | 0.477 | 0.564 | 0.542 | 0.436 |
Illumination (%) | 94.50 | 79.81 | 81.84 | 89.51 | 75.73 | 45.28 | 35.27 | 37.43 | 50.33 |
13:30 | Average (Lux) | 9658 | 6819 | 6363 | 7419 | 11,937 | 25,959 | 45,146 | 46,941 | 35,807 |
Variance | 371 | 661 | 623 | 557 | 2081 | 847 | 1631 | 620 | 403 |
Cv | 0.038 | 0.097 | 0.098 | 0.075 | 0.174 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.012 | 0.011 |
Illumination (%) | 97.25 | 90.36 | 94.24 | 95.22 | 80.80 | 96.31 | 96.94 | 98.56 | 98.71 |
14:30 | Average (Lux) | 10,925 | 7501 | 6888 | 7732 | 12,879 | 26,428 | 45,861 | 52,064 | 37,354 |
Variance | 236 | 672 | 680 | 587 | 2602 | 2088 | 598 | 2253 | 44 |
Cv | 0.022 | 0.090 | 0.099 | 0.076 | 0.202 | 0.079 | 0.013 | 0.043 | 0.001 |
Illumination (%) | 98.40 | 91.94 | 93.22 | 94.86 | 79.45 | 91.40 | 99.02 | 95.20 | 99.92 |
Table 3.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 25 line/inch 4 mm grating transmittance component.
Table 3.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 25 line/inch 4 mm grating transmittance component.
Time | 25 Line/Inch 4 mm | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
---|
10:30 | Average (Lux) | 7396 | 5065 | 4822 | 5164 | 6655 | 22,408 | 54,588 | 62,107 | 50,615 |
Variance | 355 | 339 | 292 | 612 | 845 | 2064 | 3541 | 2908 | 3423 |
Cv | 0.048 | 0.067 | 0.060 | 0.119 | 0.127 | 0.092 | 0.065 | 0.047 | 0.068 |
Illumination (%) | 95.54 | 92.42 | 93.06 | 87.17 | 85.35 | 94.28 | 94.56 | 95.85 | 93.81 |
11:30 | Average (Lux) | 8112 | 6979 | 7042 | 8397 | 18,387 | 63,385 | 69,224 | 70,738 | 27,373 |
Variance | 347 | 800 | 918 | 745 | 1173 | 4378 | 1649 | 2320 | 3084 |
Cv | 0.043 | 0.115 | 0.130 | 0.089 | 0.064 | 0.069 | 0.024 | 0.033 | 0.113 |
Illumination (%) | 96.59 | 90.7 | 89.51 | 92.99 | 95.94 | 92.03 | 97.35 | 96.22 | 87.24 |
12:30 | Average (Lux) | 9381 | 7627 | 8062 | 9429 | 12,317 | 48,343 | 73,348 | 74,430 | 41,962 |
Variance | 540 | 468 | 615 | 412 | 755 | 7606 | 8581 | 7972 | 12,486 |
Cv | 0.058 | 0.061 | 0.076 | 0.044 | 0.061 | 0.157 | 0.117 | 0.107 | 0.298 |
Illumination (%) | 94.52 | 95.11 | 94.92 | 95.22 | 94.04 | 83.84 | 87.28 | 88.4 | 65.64 |
13:30 | Average (Lux) | 10,104 | 9750 | 9164 | 11,042 | 12,616 | 25,106 | 42,049 | 45,063 | 33,875 |
Variance | 1211 | 4999 | 4936 | 6048 | 2943 | 6374 | 19,338 | 22,079 | 13,807 |
Cv | 0.120 | 0.513 | 0.539 | 0.548 | 0.233 | 0.254 | 0.460 | 0.490 | 0.408 |
Illumination (%) | 91.56 | 69.21 | 64.09 | 64.40 | 81.90 | 70.71 | 47.25 | 44.30 | 53.65 |
14:30 | Average (Lux) | 12,001 | 20,822 | 13,874 | 12,921 | 12,601 | 30,164 | 50,966 | 53,427 | 44,685 |
Variance | 2623 | 23,121 | 11,788 | 8119 | 3735 | 9618 | 5415 | 6994 | 3589 |
Cv | 0.219 | 1.110 | 0.850 | 0.628 | 0.296 | 0.319 | 0.106 | 0.131 | 0.080 |
Illumination (%) | 82.33 | 34.12 | 49.32 | 59.76 | 78.10 | 79.42 | 87.79 | 85.88 | 92.01 |
Table 4.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 30 line/inch 3 mm grating transmittance component.
Table 4.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 30 line/inch 3 mm grating transmittance component.
Time | 30 Line/Inch 3 mm | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
---|
10:30 | Average (Lux) | 8011 | 5681 | 5429 | 6154 | 8516 | 21,483 | 40,911 | 53,604 | 43,729 |
Variance | 623 | 314 | 221 | 369 | 762 | 2041 | 1320 | 810 | 943 |
Cv | 0.078 | 0.055 | 0.041 | 0.060 | 0.089 | 0.095 | 0.032 | 0.015 | 0.022 |
Illumination (%) | 91.18 | 93.62 | 95.44 | 94.21 | 93.37 | 94.32 | 97.12 | 98.94 | 97.83 |
11:30 | Average (Lux) | 8284 | 7163 | 7400 | 8724 | 18,439 | 45,389 | 59,922 | 59,721 | 28,496 |
Variance | 32 | 910 | 1243 | 910 | 4871 | 1065 | 3915 | 2257 | 7023 |
Cv | 0.004 | 0.127 | 0.168 | 0.104 | 0.264 | 0.023 | 0.065 | 0.038 | 0.246 |
Illumination (%) | 99.76 | 92.24 | 88.06 | 93.97 | 74.35 | 97.44 | 92.46 | 95.64 | 74.01 |
12:30 | Average (Lux) | 8766 | 7496 | 7453 | 8850 | 13,514 | 42,574 | 60,516 | 60,966 | 34,265 |
Variance | 257 | 1370 | 1240 | 1178 | 743 | 4757 | 8019 | 8106 | 5524 |
Cv | 0.029 | 0.183 | 0.166 | 0.133 | 0.055 | 0.112 | 0.133 | 0.133 | 0.161 |
Illumination (%) | 97.58 | 87.98 | 90.22 | 91.38 | 94.96 | 87.65 | 85.8 | 86.97 | 81.71 |
13:30 | Average (Lux) | 10,004 | 9421 | 9822 | 10,729 | 12,250 | 25,349 | 41,733 | 40,815 | 31,104 |
Variance | 1007 | 4856 | 5564 | 5299 | 2827 | 6305 | 18,830 | 18,184 | 10,752 |
Cv | 0.101 | 0.516 | 0.566 | 0.494 | 0.231 | 0.249 | 0.451 | 0.446 | 0.346 |
Illumination (%) | 93.45 | 66.27 | 63.77 | 66.86 | 84.47 | 73.61 | 47.95 | 48.83 | 60.1 |
14:30 | Average (Lux) | 11,645 | 19,694 | 13,903 | 20,654 | 12,680 | 25,656 | 41,968 | 51,813 | 41,898 |
Variance | 1454 | 21,146 | 11,520 | 21,417 | 3433 | 3852 | 2897 | 4085 | 1971 |
Cv | 0.125 | 1.074 | 0.829 | 1.037 | 0.271 | 0.150 | 0.059 | 0.079 | 0.047 |
Illumination (%) | 92.41 | 35.91 | 48.63 | 37.28 | 80.91 | 84.56 | 95.57 | 91.14 | 96.06 |
Table 5.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 40 line/inch 2 mm grating transmittance component.
Table 5.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 40 line/inch 2 mm grating transmittance component.
Time | 40 Line/Inch 2 mm | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
---|
10:30 | Average (Lux) | 9405 | 11,212 | 12,172 | 9641 | 12,899 | 20,918 | 38,975 | 47,467 | 37,986 |
Variance | 845 | 8610 | 11,568 | 6609 | 9737 | 2795 | 16,851 | 24,483 | 19,033 |
Cv | 0.091 | 0.768 | 0.950 | 0.686 | 0.755 | 0.134 | 0.432 | 0.516 | 0.501 |
Illumination (%) | 90.85 | 50.88 | 41.87 | 56.51 | 50.87 | 85.18 | 50.30 | 40.44 | 42.14 |
11:30 | Average (Lux) | 9427 | 8627 | 8439 | 10,027 | 19,644 | 43,479 | 51,796 | 69,087 | 28,332 |
Variance | 1190 | 2989 | 2872 | 2065 | 5843 | 25,311 | 30,460 | 3758 | 6618 |
Cv | 0.126 | 0.346 | 0.340 | 0.206 | 0.297 | 0.582 | 0.588 | 0.054 | 0.234 |
Illumination (%) | 91.34 | 78.53 | 78.16 | 86.61 | 66.10 | 32.85 | 32.10 | 94.25 | 73.18 |
12:30 | Average (Lux) | 9503 | 7830 | 7856 | 9000 | 13,836 | 42,032 | 54,445 | 62,260 | 45,913 |
Variance | 348 | 1001 | 1058 | 655 | 1104 | 4201 | 17,210 | 12,000 | 19,112 |
Cv | 0.037 | 0.128 | 0.135 | 0.073 | 0.080 | 0.100 | 0.316 | 0.193 | 0.416 |
Illumination (%) | 97.71 | 90.29 | 89.38 | 92.20 | 92.94 | 90.50 | 69.21 | 82.21 | 55.49 |
13:30 | Average (Lux) | 9021 | 6865 | 6417 | 7534 | 11,112 | 32,497 | 52,424 | 53,927 | 37,280 |
Variance | 428 | 800 | 912 | 655 | 634 | 2331 | 1324 | 1066 | 1625 |
Cv | 0.047 | 0.117 | 0.142 | 0.087 | 0.057 | 0.072 | 0.025 | 0.020 | 0.044 |
Illumination (%) | 96.76 | 93.04 | 87.64 | 91.52 | 94.55 | 93.54 | 97.31 | 97.84 | 96.26 |
14:30 | Average (Lux) | 12,096 | 8644 | 7912 | 8880 | 11,863 | 27,015 | 51,228 | 53,309 | 43,105 |
Variance | 832 | 899 | 653 | 684 | 623 | 1454 | 3546 | 4118 | 3685 |
Cv | 0.069 | 0.104 | 0.083 | 0.077 | 0.053 | 0.054 | 0.069 | 0.077 | 0.085 |
Illumination (%) | 92.34 | 90.60 | 93.81 | 95.33 | 94.91 | 95.22 | 94.57 | 95.50 | 91.58 |
Table 6.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 2 mm thick glass transmittance component.
Table 6.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 2 mm thick glass transmittance component.
Time | 2 mm Glass | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
---|
10:30 | Average (Lux) | 9902 | 9074 | 8832 | 9122 | 10,991 | 14,192 | 52,549 | 54,144 | 52,454 |
Variance | 628 | 5010 | 5686 | 5235 | 4189 | 2291 | 29,768 | 32,019 | 31,339 |
Cv | 0.063 | 0.522 | 0.644 | 0.574 | 0.381 | 0.161 | 0.566 | 0.591 | 0.597 |
Illumination (%) | 93.99 | 65.98 | 59.89 | 62.86 | 75.45 | 90.64 | 34.62 | 31.72 | 31.01 |
11:30 | Average (Lux) | 9456 | 8788 | 9121 | 10,278 | 13,611 | 53,302 | 59,227 | 73,413 | 36,486 |
Variance | 1367 | 2964 | 3416 | 2708 | 346 | 33,545 | 29,411 | 5037 | 23,825 |
Cv | 0.145 | 0.337 | 0.375 | 0.263 | 0.025 | 0.629 | 0.497 | 0.069 | 0.653 |
Illumination (%) | 91.16 | 78.5 | 76.51 | 84.28 | 97.50 | 28.08 | 42.81 | 93.06 | 48.73 |
12:30 | Average(Lux) | 9793 | 7747 | 7734 | 8933 | 12,144 | 65,639 | 75,127 | 75,470 | 41,387 |
Variance | 434 | 400 | 791 | 405 | 441 | 2096 | 6677 | 13,279 | 21,467 |
Cv | 0.044 | 0.052 | 0.102 | 0.045 | 0.036 | 0.032 | 0.089 | 0.176 | 0.519 |
Illumination (%) | 94.97 | 96.91 | 92.75 | 97.03 | 95.86 | 96.79 | 90.76 | 83.68 | 40.41 |
13:30 | Average (Lux) | 9494 | 7467 | 7027 | 7905 | 11,045 | 41,105 | 67,277 | 70,382 | 57,833 |
Variance | 300 | 663 | 586 | 210 | 326 | 21,427 | 8882 | 7255 | 10,947 |
Cv | 0.032 | 0.089 | 0.083 | 0.027 | 0.030 | 0.521 | 0.132 | 0.103 | 0.189 |
Illumination (%) | 96.94 | 93.44 | 94.97 | 96.99 | 96.60 | 42.86 | 85.33 | 88.23 | 78.97 |
14:30 | Average (Lux) | 11,773 | 8288 | 7283 | 8085 | 10,378 | 14,806 | 53,669 | 55,271 | 50,436 |
Variance | 667 | 651 | 561 | 562 | 707 | 915 | 4657 | 3782 | 2368 |
Cv | 0.057 | 0.079 | 0.077 | 0.070 | 0.068 | 0.062 | 0.087 | 0.068 | 0.047 |
Illumination (%) | 94.77 | 91.89 | 91.11 | 92.19 | 93.22 | 95.10 | 91.45 | 92.38 | 96.20 |
Table 7.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 3 mm thick glass transmittance component.
Table 7.
Light uniformity and variation coefficient of 3 mm thick glass transmittance component.
Time | 3 mm Glass | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
---|
10:30 | Average (Lux) | 8165 | 5556 | 5200 | 5998 | 8404 | 12,613 | 69,234 | 71,640 | 65,709 |
Variance | 439 | 380 | 397 | 463 | 110 | 643 | 4043 | 2468 | 510 |
Cv | 0.054 | 0.068 | 0.076 | 0.077 | 0.013 | 0.051 | 0.058 | 0.034 | 0.008 |
Illumination (%) | 93.93 | 96.01 | 94.71 | 93.46 | 99.10 | 95.32 | 93.36 | 96.47 | 99.40 |
11:30 | Average (Lux) | 7820 | 6548 | 6691 | 8200 | 12,278 | 69,336 | 70,410 | 71,778 | 21,230 |
Variance | 473 | 527 | 222 | 491 | 1446 | 4832 | 299 | 3039 | 4317 |
Cv | 0.060 | 0.0800 | 0.033 | 0.060 | 0.118 | 0.070 | 0.004 | 0.042 | 0.203 |
Illumination (%) | 94.76 | 90.96 | 96.24 | 93.52 | 93.10 | 93.04 | 99.52 | 96.29 | 83.32 |
12:30 | Average (Lux) | 10,639 | 9223 | 9104 | 10,371 | 12,292 | 47,526 | 52,557 | 56,379 | 48,093 |
Variance | 1032 | 2777 | 2676 | 2827 | 727 | 28,626 | 33,213 | 34,108 | 26,582 |
Cv | 0.097 | 0.301 | 0.294 | 0.273 | 0.059 | 0.602 | 0.609 | 0.605 | 0.553 |
Illumination (%) | 94.15 | 81.45 | 82.24 | 83.67 | 93.61 | 33.56 | 33.61 | 33.59 | 36.9 |
13:30 | Average (Lux) | 10,511 | 8768 | 81.2 | 9220 | 11,238 | 20,650 | 50,111 | 51,299 | 48,239 |
Variance | 1093 | 3339 | 3201 | 3593 | 1783 | 6321 | 27,683 | 28,179 | 27,861 |
Cv | 0.104 | 0.381 | 0.393 | 0.390 | 0.159 | 0.306 | 0.552 | 0.549 | 0.566 |
Illumination (%) | 91.42 | 76.30 | 76.20 | 76.97 | 89.80 | 77.44 | 36.36 | 37.09 | 35.00 |
14:30 | Average (Lux) | 17,584 | 22,986 | 19,327 | 22,834 | 23,440 | 27,171 | 50,479 | 42,862 | 55,392 |
Variance | 9495 | 24,502 | 18,756 | 22,999 | 19,510 | 19,982 | 6235 | 20,472 | 1599 |
Cv | 0.540 | 1.066 | 0.970 | 1.007 | 0.832 | 0.735 | 0.124 | 0.478 | 0.092 |
Illumination (%) | 68.53 | 38.23 | 42.01 | 39.32 | 48.24 | 55.98 | 87.98 | 44.88 | 96.68 |