Do Climate Conditions Affect the Quality of the Apiaceae Fruits’ Essential Oils?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Experiment Locations and Main Environmental Characteristics
2.2.1. Weather Conditions during the Coriander Vegetation Period
2.2.2. Weather Conditions during the Aniseed Vegetation Period
2.2.3. Weather Conditions during the Annual Caraway Vegetation Period
2.3. Essential Oil Extraction
2.4. Gas Chromatographic–Mass Spectrometric Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Essential Oil Quality
3.2. Color Correlation Analysis
3.3. Cluster Analysis
3.4. Principal Component Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Compound | RT | Mean | SD | Range (%) | L1 | L2 | L3 | ISO 3516 [52] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | KT | Kp | Ki | KT | Kp | Ki | KT | Kp | Ki | ||||||
1 | α-pinene | 58.270 | 8.5 | 1.0 | 6.6 | 10.5 | −0.39 | −3.26 | −0.79 | −2.40 | −2.30 | −3.85 | 0.04 | −0.16 | −0.02 | 3.0–7.0 |
2 | camphene | 62.286 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | −0.12 | −0.70 | −0.21 | −0.39 | −0.26 | −0.57 | −0.16 | −0.37 | −0.26 | - |
3 | β-pinene | 70.277 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.06 | −0.05 | −0.09 | −0.10 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.10 | - |
4 | myrcene | 74.054 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.1 | −0.19 | −1.24 | −0.34 | −0.62 | −0.58 | −0.99 | −0.45 | −0.99 | −0.69 | 0.5–1.5 |
5 | p-cymene | 85.589 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.1 | −0.20 | −1.22 | −0.34 | −0.17 | −0.08 | −0.24 | −0.17 | −0.37 | −0.26 | - |
6 | limonene | 87.005 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 2.5 | −0.17 | −1.13 | −0.31 | −0.80 | −0.62 | −1.22 | −0.48 | −1.07 | −0.74 | 2.0–5.0 |
7 | γ-terpinene | 98.079 | 7.6 | 0.8 | 6.1 | 8.5 | −0.31 | −1.71 | −0.51 | −1.61 | −0.69 | −2.22 | −0.43 | −1.03 | −0.70 | 2.0–7.0 |
8 | linalool | 115.735 | 72.6 | 5.0 | 65.3 | 80.5 | 2.01 | 8.43 | 2.94 | 8.92 | 11.94 | 15.76 | 3.96 | 6.98 | 5.51 | 65–78 |
9 | camphor | 132.597 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 3.9 | −0.33 | −2.24 | −0.60 | −0.82 | −1.08 | −1.44 | −0.42 | −0.91 | −0.64 | 4.0–6.0 |
10 | geranyl acetate | 238.200 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 3.0 | −0.31 | −2.09 | −0.56 | −1.10 | −1.06 | −1.76 | −1.05 | −2.30 | −1.62 | 1.0–3.5 |
No | Compound | RT | Mean | SD | Range | L1 | L2 | L3 | ISO 3475 [53] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | KT | Kp | Ki | KT | Kp | Ki | KT | Kp | Ki | ||||||
1 | cis-dihydro carvone | 1192 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.17 | −0.75 | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.58 | - |
2 | methyl chavicol | 1200 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.9 | −0.34 | −0.60 | −0.39 | −0.21 | 0.96 | −0.44 | −0.19 | −0.37 | −1.61 | 0.5–3.0 |
3 | trans-anethole | 1294 | 94.9 | 4.3 | 92.4 | 96.8 | 3.06 | 6.63 | 3.26 | 0.48 | −29.17 | 3.70 | 5.76 | 0.86 | −0.30 | 87–94 |
4 | α-himachalene | 1452 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | −0.10 | −0.18 | −0.12 | −0.10 | 0.38 | −0.20 | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.43 | - |
5 | γ-himachalene | 1482 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 3.4 | −0.69 | −1.12 | −0.81 | −0.58 | 3.61 | −1.30 | −0.32 | −0.48 | −2.05 | 1.0–5.0 |
6 | trans-muurola−4(14),5-diene | 1485 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 | −0.15 | −0.26 | −0.17 | −0.25 | 1.15 | −0.52 | −0.09 | −0.19 | −0.84 | - |
7 | α-zingiberene | 1499 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | −0.21 | −0.37 | −0.24 | −0.09 | 0.33 | −0.18 | −0.06 | −0.11 | −0.50 | - |
8 | β-himachalene | 1504 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | −0.05 | −0.09 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.20 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.04 | −0.19 | - |
9 | β-bisabolene | 1512 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.13 | −0.22 | −0.15 | −0.11 | 0.44 | −0.22 | −0.03 | −0.07 | −0.32 | - |
10 | pseudo isoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate | 1848 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.3 | −0.48 | −0.84 | −0.55 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.3–2.0 |
No | Compound | RT | Mean | SD | Range | L1 | L2 | L3 | ISO 8896 [54] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | KT | Kp | Ki | KT | Kp | Ki | KT | Kp | Ki | ||||||
1 | myrcene | 7.447 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | −0.08 | −0.05 | −0.10 | −0.07 | −0.12 | −0.09 | −0.22 | −0.08 | −0.21 | 0.2–0.7 |
2 | p-cymene | 8.581 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.83 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | - |
3 | limonene | 8.780 | 61.0 | 6.4 | 54.0 | 70.3 | 8.26 | 6.47 | 11.40 | 12.06 | 12.25 | 14.01 | 7.83 | 2.82 | 5.61 | 33–45 |
4 | cis-limonene oxide | 12.780 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.12 | −0.08 | −0.15 | −0.05 | −0.10 | −0.06 | −0.20 | −0.07 | −0.18 | - |
5 | trans-limonene oxide | 12.970 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | −0.03 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.10 | −0.20 | −0.07 | −0.18 | - |
6 | trans-dihydro carvone | 15.869 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.06 | −0.29 | −0.10 | −0.27 | - |
7 | trans-carveol | 16.553 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.10 | - |
8 | neo iso-dihydro carveol | 17.038 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.21 | - |
9 | carvone | 17.738 | 36.8 | 6.1 | 27.4 | 44.5 | −8.34 | −6.05 | −11.10 | −15.10 | −29.91 | −17.56 | −6.95 | −2.53 | −3.95 | 50–63 |
10 | trans-caryophyllene | 25.399 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.02 | - |
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Lončar, B.; Pezo, L.; Pezo, M.; Jovanović, A.; Šuput, D.; Radosavljević, M.; Aćimović, M. Do Climate Conditions Affect the Quality of the Apiaceae Fruits’ Essential Oils? Horticulturae 2024, 10, 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060577
Lončar B, Pezo L, Pezo M, Jovanović A, Šuput D, Radosavljević M, Aćimović M. Do Climate Conditions Affect the Quality of the Apiaceae Fruits’ Essential Oils? Horticulturae. 2024; 10(6):577. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060577
Chicago/Turabian StyleLončar, Biljana, Lato Pezo, Milada Pezo, Aca Jovanović, Danijela Šuput, Miloš Radosavljević, and Milica Aćimović. 2024. "Do Climate Conditions Affect the Quality of the Apiaceae Fruits’ Essential Oils?" Horticulturae 10, no. 6: 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060577