Cytogenetics of Five Edible Species of the Genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand
by
, , ,
Piyaporn Saensouk
1,2, 
Nooduan Muangsan
3,
Phetlasy Souladeth
4
,
Kamonwan Koompoot
1,5,
Nakorn Pradit
5,
Anousone Sengthong
4 and
Surapon Saensouk
1,5,* 1
Diversity of Family Zingibeaceae and Vascular Plant of Its Applications Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
3
School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
4
Faculty of Forest Science, National University of Laos, Vientiane 7322, Laos
5
Biodiversity Program, Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060633
Submission received: 6 May 2024
/
Revised: 28 May 2024
/
Accepted: 7 June 2024
/
Published: 13 June 2024
Abstract
:Five edible species of the genus Kaempferia—K. minuta, K. phuphanensis, K. sisaketensis, K. takensis, and K. udonensis—in Thailand were cytologically studied by their root tips. The somatic chromosome numbers of all species were found to be 2n = 22, and the FNs of all species were revealed to be 44. The karyotype of all five rare and endemic species was provided: 10m + 12sm with three satellites for K. minuta, 12m + 10sm with six satellites for K. phuphanensis, 18m + 4sm with four satellites for K. sisaketensis, 6m + 10sm + 6st with three satellites for K. takensis, and 14m + 2sm + 6st with two satellites for K. udonensis. This research identified all new karyological information regarding the chromosome number, FN, karyotype, and ideogram of all the species. They all had a symmetrical karyotype. The chromosome structures and karyotype formula of five edible Kaempferia species from Thailand can be used for species identification.
1. Introduction
The genus Kaempferia L. is a large genus of the family Zingiberaceae [1]. The genus Kaempferia has 52 accepted species native to the southeast Asian region, including some islands in the Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos [2], and it has been utilized for ornamental flowers and leaves, food plants, ritual plants, and various herbaceous plants [3,4,5,6]. Important species include Kaempferia galanga, K. marginata, K. parviflora, K. pulchra, and K. rotunda [6,7]. Currently, from the genus Kaempferia, 33 species have been reported to have distribution in Thailand [8]. The genus Kaempferia is the richest genus in Thailand [8]; five species of Kaempferia, K. minuta, K. phuphanensis, K. sisaketensis, K. takensis, and K. udonensis, occur in Thailand and have multiple culinary and medicinal uses [2]. Five edible plants of Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) collected from different places in Thailand (Figure 1) were identified as rare and endemic species in Thailand based on the WCSP database and IUCN database [2,9].
Chromosome morphology can provide valuable data to better understand phylogenetic relationships among various taxa [10,11]. Previous studies have shown that the basic chromosome number in Kaempferia is x = 11, with polyploidy and aneuploidy occurring among the different species, including K. angustifolia (2n = 33), K. elegans (2n = 22 and 33), K. filifolia (2n = 22), K. galanga (2n = 55), K. koratensis (2n = 44), K. larsenii (2n = 22), K. marginata (2n = 44), K. parviflora (2n = 22), K. pulchra (2n = 22), K. roscoeana (2n = 22), K. rotunda (2n = 22 and 33), K. saraburiensis (2n = 22), and K. siamensis (2n = 22), and their karyotype formulae has not been reported before [5,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. To date, the chromosome number and karyology of K. minuta, K. phuphanensis, K. sisaketensis, K. takensis, and K. udonensis are unknown. This research focuses on five species of Kaempferia including K. minuta, K. phuphanensis, K. sisaketensis, K. takensis, and K. udonensis to confirm their basic chromosome numbers and report their karyotypes, comparing them to other Kaempferia species recorded in previous studies. The purpose of this study is to determine chromosome numbers in each species, compare the karyotypes among species to study the cytotaxonomic relationships among these species, and identify trends in cytogenetic evolution within the genus.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
Five edible species of the genus Kaempferia in Thailand—K. minuta (coll. No. Saensouk 4000), K. phuphanensis (coll. No. Saensouk 4001), K. sisaketensis (coll. No. Saensouk 4002), K. takensis (coll. No. Saensouk 4003), and K. udonensis (coll. No. Saensouk 4004)—were collected from the home gardens of villagers in different provinces in Thailand. K. minuta and K. sisaketensis were collected from Ubon Ratchathani province, K. phuphanensis was sampled from Sakon Nakhon province, K. takensis was taken from Tak province, and K. udonensis was sampled from Udon Thani province. Voucher specimens of these species were deposited in a herbarium at Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham province, Thailand. They were cultivated for cytogenetic study as bare-root seedlings in containers and kept in the nursery at Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham province, Thailand (Table 1, Figure 1).
2.2. Chromosome Number and Karyotype Study
The prepared root tips of five edible Kaempferia species were pretreated with paradichlorobenzene at 4 °C for 6 h then fixed in ethanol–acetic acid (3:1, v:v) at room temperature for 30 min. The samples were kept at 4 °C in case they needed to be used later. The root tips were washed in distilled water, hydrolyzed in 1M HCl for 5 min at 60 °C, and washed again in distilled water. They were stained in 2% aceto-orcein and then analyzed by the squash technique. Observations were made under a light microscope (Zeiss Axiostar Plus: Carl Zeiss Light Microscopy, Göttingen, Germany) at 400× magnification [26]. The metaphase plates with well-individualized chromosomes were photographed. The chromosomes were studied, and the karyotype formulas were provided from the measurements of the metaphase chromosomes in photomicrographs. The nomenclature used for the description of chromosome morphology followed the method of [25,26,27,28,29].
2.3. Statistical Analysis
The means of five rare and endemic Kaempferia species (K. minuta, K. phuphanensis, K. sisaketensis, K. takensis and K. udonensis), including the length of the short arm of the chromosome (Ls), the length of the long arm of the chromosome (Ll), the total arm length of the chromosome (LT), the relative length (RL), and the centromeric index (CI), plus one standard deviation (SD) were used to represent all results, and they were calculated based on the methods of [25,26,27,28,29], and principal component analysis (PCA) [30,31] was performed using SPSS version 29.
3. Results
Photomicrographs of the chromosomes from the five species are observed in Figure 2. The somatic chromosome numbers from the root tips of five edible Kaempferia species are summarized in Table 1. The chromosome numbers were performed on 10 metaphase plates for each species. The chromosome numbers of five rare and endemic Kaempferia species were revealed to be 2n = 22. The karyotypes and ideograms of these five species were presented in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4.
The somatic chromosome count of Kaempferia minuta was found to be 2n = 22 with a fundamental number (FN) of 44 (Figure 2a), which has been determined for the first time (Table 1). The karyotype of K. minuta had five pairs of metacentric chromosomes and six pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The karyotype formula was 10m + 12sm with three satellites, which is a symmetrical karyotype (Table 1, Figure 2b). It was a symmetrical karyotype due to the arm ratio. The short arm length ranged from 0.94 ± 0.06 to 2.01 ± 0.10 μm, the long arm length ranged from 1.40 ± 0.09 to 2.53 ± 0.63 μm, and the total chromosome length ranged from 2.34 ± 0.15 to 4.20 ± 0.71 μm. The relative chromosome length (RL) ranged from 6.29 ± 0.09 to 11.29 ± 0.08%, and the centromeric index (CI) ranged from 0.51 ± 0.09 to 0.65 ± 0.08 (Table 2). The average length of chromosomes and the CI were used to arrange chromosomes into the ideogram by decreasing size in order from left to right (Figure 2c). This is the first time that the chromosome number, FN, karyotype, and ideogram of K. minuta have been reported.
The somatic chromosome count of Kaempferia phuphanensis was found to be 2n = 22 with a fundamental number (FN) of 44 (Figure 2b), which has been identified for the first time (Table 1). The karyotype of K. phuphanensis had six pairs of metacentric chromosomes and five pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The karyotype formula was 12m + 10sm with six satellites, which is a symmetrical karyotype (Table 2, Figure 3b). It was a symmetrical karyotype due to the arm ratio. The short arm length ranged from 0.88 ± 0.06 to 1.78 ± 0.09 μm, the long arm length ranged from 1.43 ± 0.09 to 2.77 ± 0.64 μm, and the total chromosome length ranged from 2.44 ± 0.15 to 4.46 ± 0.73 μm. The relative chromosome length (RL) ranged from 6.53 ± 0.07 to 11.96 ± 0.09%, and the centromeric index (CI) ranged from 0.51 ± 0.05 to 0.63 ± 0.09 (Table 2). The average length of chromosomes and the CI were used to arrange chromosomes into the ideogram by decreasing size in order from left to right (Figure 4b). This is the first time that the chromosome number, FN, karyotype, and ideogram of K. phuphanensis have been reported.
The somatic chromosome number of Kaempferia sisaketensis was indicated to be 2n = 22 with a fundamental number (FN) of 44 (Figure 2c), which has been recorded for the first time (Table 1). The karyotype of K. sisaketensis had nine pairs of metacentric chromosomes and two pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The karyotype formula was 18m + 4sm with four satellites, which is a symmetrical karyotype (Table 2, Figure 3c). It was a symmetrical karyotype due to the arm ratio. The short arm length ranged from 1.09 ± 0.06 to 1.61 ± 0.09 μm, the long arm length ranged from 1.40 ± 0.09 to 2.60 ± 0.73 μm, and the total chromosome length ranged from 2.57 ± 0.15 to 3.90 ± 0.82 μm. The relative chromosome length (RL) ranged from 7.18 ± 0.07 to 10.91 ± 0.08%, and the centromeric index (CI) ranged from 0.51 ± 0.07 to 0.68 ± 0.06 (Table 2). The average length of chromosomes and the CI were used to arrange chromosomes into the ideogram by decreasing size in order from left to right (Figure 3c). This is the first time that the chromosome number, FN, karyotype, and ideogram of K. sisaketensis have been reported.
The somatic chromosome number of Kaempferia takensis was indicated to be 2n = 22 with a fundamental number (FN) of 44 (Figure 2d), which has been recorded for the first time (Table 1). The karyotype of K. takensis had three pairs of metacentric chromosomes, five pairs of submetacentric chromosomes, and three pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes. The karyotype formula was 6m + 10sm + 6st with three satellites, which is an asymmetrical karyotype due to the arm ratio (Table 2, Figure 3d). The short arm length ranged from 0.87 ± 0.06 to 1.99 ± 0.13 μm, the long arm length ranged from 1.28 ± 0.08 to 3.20 ± 0.46 μm, and the total chromosome length ranged from 2.15 ± 0.14 to 4.31 ± 0.22 μm. The relative chromosome length (RL) ranged from 6.00 ± 0.12 to 11.00 ± 0.13% and the centromeric index (CI) ranged from 0.60 ± 0.15 to 0.74 ± 0.11 (Table 2). The average length of chromosomes and the CI were used to arrange chromosomes into the ideogram by decreasing size in order from left to right (Figure 4d). This is the first time that the chromosome number, FN, karyotype, and ideogram of K. takensis have been studied.
The somatic chromosome number of Kaempferia udonensis was indicated to be 2n = 22 with a fundamental number (FN) of 44 (Figure 2e), which has been recorded for the first time (Table 1). The karyotype of K. udonensis had seven pairs of metacentric chromosomes, one pair of submetacentric chromosomes, and three pairs of subtelocentric chromosomes. The karyotype formula was 14m + 2sm + 6st with two satellites, which is an asymmetrical karyotype due to the arm ratio (Table 2, Figure 3d). The short arm length ranged from 1.12 ± 0.07 to 1.87 ± 0.08 μm, the long arm length ranged from 1.26 ± 0.08 to 2.92 ± 0.16 μm, and the total chromosome length ranged from 2.42 ± 0.15 to 3.97 ± 0.72 μm. The relative chromosome length (RL) ranged from 6.57 ± 0.08 to 10.80 ± 0.08%, and the centromeric index (CI) ranged from 0.52 ± 0.08 to 0.77 ± 0.08 (Table 2). The average length of chromosomes and the CI were used to arrange chromosomes into the ideogram by decreasing size in order from left to right (Figure 4e). This is the first time that the chromosome number, FN, karyotype, and ideogram of K. udonensis have been studied.
- PCA score plot for five species of Kaempferia
Based on the centromeric index (CI), the PCA analysis for five edible species of Kaempferia revealed that 58.51% of the total variance was attributed to the first component, while the second component explained 27.98%. There was a significant relationship between Kaempferia sisaketensis and K. udonensis with PC1. The CI values of K. minuta exhibited differences compared to both K. sisaketensis and K. udonensis. Regarding PC2, K. phuphanensis showed differences compared to K. takensis (Figure 5a).
Based on the karyotype formula, the PCA revealed that component 1 explained 66.26% of the total variance, while the second component explained 33.73%. K. phuphanensis and K. minuta showed a significant relationship with PC1. Kaempferia sisaketensis and K. udonensis showed a significant relationship with PC2. Meanwhile, K. takensis appeared to be separated from the other species (Figure 5b).
4. Discussion
This research demonstrates that a somatic chromosome number of 2n = 22 is the most common in Kaempferia, consistent with previous studies [5,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. The five species studied, Kaempferia minuta, K. phuphanensis, K. sisaketensis, K. takensis, and K. udonensis, also had somatic chromosome numbers of 2n = 22. The karyotypes are difficult to compare to previous studies because they are reported here for the first time. The ideograms showed that three species including Kaempferia minuta, K. phuphanensis, and K. sisaketensis had symmetrical karyotypes, while two species, namely K. takensis and K. udonensis, had asymmetrical karyotypes, as determined by the arm ratio. An ideogram of some species of Kaempferia, including K. angustifolia, K. elegans, K. galanga, K. pulchra, and K. rotunda, had already been reported before [32,33], and in this research, we reported an ideogram of K. minuta, K. phuphanensis, K. sisaketensis, K. takensis, and K. udonensis for the first time. Nevertheless, there are variations in the quantities of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes, as well as the number of satellite chromosomes, across five different edible Kaempferia species. The chromosomal complements of the five edible Kaempferia species in our study exhibited distinct variations and demonstrated diversity in their karyotypes. Hence, the karyotypes play a crucial role in identifying Kaempferia species.
The chromosome structures and karyotype formula of five rare Kaempferia species in Thailand can be used for species identification, which is consistent with the findings of the authors of [34,35], who identified plants by their chromosome morphological characters, and [36], who reported that karyological data can be used in cytotaxonomy or karyosystematics because it can reflect the genetic relationships among the taxa under analysis. Moreover, this work has revealed the chromosome number of all five Kaempferia species to be the same, which was consistent with [37], which reported that the chromosome characters are not influenced by environmental conditions, age, or developmental stages. Nonetheless, the karyotypes in this study had different karyotype formulas and structure chromosomes, which was consistent with [36], which reported that similar chromosome morphologies have differences in their banding patterns.
5. Conclusions
This research focused on five rare and endemic species of edible Kaempferia plants. The karyotype formulas for the present Kaempferia species are as follows: Kaempferia minuta (10m + 12sm with three satellites), K. phuphanensis (12m + 10sm with six satellites), K. sisaketensis (18m + 4sm with four satellites), K. takensis (6m + 10sm + 6st with three satellites), and K. udonensis (14m + 2sm + 6st with two satellites); this showed that all five species have a satellite. The PCA score plot based on both the CI and the karyotype formula effectively separates these five species, indicating that the karyotype and CI can differentiate them from each other. This research will provide basic information for studying other Kaempferia species and their relationships within the genus in future studies.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, P.S. (Piyaporn Saensouk) and S.S.; methodology, P.S. (Piyaporn Saensouk) and N.M.; formal analysis, S.S. and A.S.; resources, P.S. (Piyaporn Saensouk); data curation, P.S. (Piyaporn Saensouk), P.S. (Phetlasy Souladeth), N.P., K.K., and N.M.; writing—original draft preparation, P.S. (Piyaporn Saensouk), N.M., P.S. (Phetlasy Souladeth), S.S., N.P., K.K., and A.S.; writing—review and editing, P.S. (Piyaporn Saensouk) and S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Mahasarakham University.
Data Availability Statement
All data produced and examined are available in this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by Mahasarakham University. We are grateful to the Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute, Mahasarakham University, for their facilities during this study. We would like to thank Jolyon Dodgson for language editing and suggestions to improve the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Figure 1.
Flowers of the edible Kaempferia species in this study: (a) Kaempferia minuta, (b) K. phuphanensis, (c) K. sisaketensis, (d) K. takensis, and (e) K. udonensis.
Figure 1.
Flowers of the edible Kaempferia species in this study: (a) Kaempferia minuta, (b) K. phuphanensis, (c) K. sisaketensis, (d) K. takensis, and (e) K. udonensis.
Figure 2.
Photomicrographs of somatic metaphase plate 2n = 22: (a) Kaempferia minuta, (b) K. phuphanensis, (c) K. sisaketensis, (d) K. takensis 2n = 22, and (e) K. udonensis. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 2.
Photomicrographs of somatic metaphase plate 2n = 22: (a) Kaempferia minuta, (b) K. phuphanensis, (c) K. sisaketensis, (d) K. takensis 2n = 22, and (e) K. udonensis. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 3.
Karyotypes of (a) Kaempferia minuta, (b) K. phuphanensis, (c) K. sisaketensis, (d) K. takensis, and (e) K. udonensis, 2n = 22. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 3.
Karyotypes of (a) Kaempferia minuta, (b) K. phuphanensis, (c) K. sisaketensis, (d) K. takensis, and (e) K. udonensis, 2n = 22. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 4.
Ideograms of (a) Kaempferia minuta, (b) K. phuphanensis, (c) K. sisaketensis, (d) K. takensis, and (e) K. udonensis, 2n = 22. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 4.
Ideograms of (a) Kaempferia minuta, (b) K. phuphanensis, (c) K. sisaketensis, (d) K. takensis, and (e) K. udonensis, 2n = 22. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 5.
PCA score plots for five rare and endemic species of Kaempferia (a) based on CI and (b) karyotype formula (Km: K. minuta, Kp: K. phuphanensis, KS: K. sisaketensis, Kt: K. takensis, Ku: K. udonensis).
Figure 5.
PCA score plots for five rare and endemic species of Kaempferia (a) based on CI and (b) karyotype formula (Km: K. minuta, Kp: K. phuphanensis, KS: K. sisaketensis, Kt: K. takensis, Ku: K. udonensis).
Table 1.
A summary of previous reports in somatic chromosome numbers studying five rare and endemic species of Kaempferia.
Table 1.
A summary of previous reports in somatic chromosome numbers studying five rare and endemic species of Kaempferia.
| Species | 2n | FN | Karyotype Formula | Conservation Status (Based on WCSP) | Traditional Uses | Location (Provinces) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| K. minuta | 22 * | 44 * | 10m + 12sm * (3 satellites) | Endemic and rare species [9] | Young leaves used as a food | Ubon Ratchathani | Present study * |
| K. phuphanensis | 22 * | 44 * | 12m + 10sm * (6 satellites) | Endemic and rare species [9,25] | Young leaves used as a food | Sakon Nakhon | Present study * |
| K. sisaketensis | 22 * | 44 * | 18m + 4sm * (4 satellites) | Endemic and rare species [9] | Young leaves used as a food | Ubon Ratchathani | Present study * |
| K. takensis | 22 * | 44 * | 6m + 10sm + 6st * (3 satellites) | Endemic and rare species [7,9] | Young leaves used as a food | Tak | Present study * |
| K. udonensis | 22 * | 44 * | 14m + 2sm + 6st * (2 satellites) | Endemic and rare species [9] | Young leaves used as a food | Udon Thani | Present study * |
* The first report; FN = fundamental number.
Table 2.
Mean length of short arm of chromosome (Ls), length of long arm of chromosome (Ll), total arm length of chromosome (LT), relative length (RL), and centromeric index (CI) of Kaempferia species obtained from 10 metaphase plates.
Table 2.
Mean length of short arm of chromosome (Ls), length of long arm of chromosome (Ll), total arm length of chromosome (LT), relative length (RL), and centromeric index (CI) of Kaempferia species obtained from 10 metaphase plates.
| Kaempferia minuta 2n = 22 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chro. Pair | Ls ± SD (µm) | Ll ± SD (µm) | LT ± SD (µm) | RL (%) | CI | Chromosome Type |
| 1 * | 1.67 ± 0.08 | 2.53 ± 0.63 | 4.20 ± 0.71 | 11.29 ± 0.08 | 0.60 ± 0.10 | Submetacentric |
| 2 * | 2.01 ± 0.10 | 2.09 ± 0.14 | 4.10 ± 0.23 | 11.01 ± 0.07 | 0.51 ± 0.09 | Metacentric |
| 3 | 1.76 ± 0.09 | 2.11 ± 0.13 | 3.87 ± 0.22 | 10.40 ± 0.08 | 0.54 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
| 4 | 1.46 ± 0.09 | 2.34 ± 0.13 | 3.79 ± 0.22 | 10.18 ± 0.05 | 0.62 ± 0.08 | Submetacentric |
| 5 | 1.30 ± 0.08 | 2.12 ± 0.13 | 3.42 ± 0.21 | 9.20 ± 0.09 | 0.62 ± 0.07 | Submetacentric |
| 6 | 1.48 ± 0.09 | 1.85 ± 0.11 | 3.33 ± 0.20 | 8.95 ± 0.08 | 0.55 ± 0.06 | Metacentric |
| 7 | 1.36 ± 0.08 | 1.86 ± 0.11 | 3.22 ± 0.20 | 8.65 ± 0.06 | 0.58 ± 0.06 | Metacentric |
| 8 | 1.22 ± 0.07 | 1.84 ± 0.12 | 3.06 ± 0.19 | 8.23 ± 0.07 | 0.60 ± 0.07 | Metacentric |
| 9 | 1.04 ± 0.07 | 1.91 ± 0.10 | 2.95 ± 0.17 | 7.92 ± 0.07 | 0.65 ± 0.08 | Submetacentric |
| 10 | 1.11 ± 0.07 | 1.82 ± 0.10 | 2.94 ± 0.17 | 7.89 ± 0.08 | 0.62 ± 0.09 | Submetacentric |
| 11 * | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 1.40 ± 0.09 | 2.34 ± 0.15 | 6.29 ± 0.09 | 0.60 ± 0.07 | Submetacentric |
| Kaempferia phuphanensis 2n = 22 | ||||||
| Chro. Pair | Ls ± SD (µm) | Ll ± SD (µm) | LT ± SD (µm) | RL (%) | CI | Chromosome Type |
| 1 * | 1.69 ± 0.08 | 2.77 ± 0.64 | 4.46 ± 0.73 | 11.96 ± 0.09 | 0.62 ± 0.10 | Submetacentric |
| 2 | 1.51 ± 0.09 | 2.48 ± 0.14 | 3.99 ± 0.23 | 10.69 ± 0.08 | 0.62 ± 0.09 | Submetacentric |
| 3 * | 1.78 ± 0.09 | 2.08 ± 0.13 | 3.86 ± 0.22 | 10.35 ± 0.09 | 0.54 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
| 4 | 1.49 ± 0.09 | 2.15 ± 0.13 | 3.65 ± 0.22 | 9.77 ± 0.07 | 0.59 ± 0.07 | Metacentric |
| 5 | 1.34 ± 0.08 | 2.27 ± 0.14 | 3.61 ± 0.21 | 9.67 ± 0.05 | 0.63 ± 0.09 | Submetacentric |
| 6 | 1.49 ± 0.09 | 1.93 ± 0.11 | 3.42 ± 0.20 | 9.17 ± 0.08 | 0.56 ± 0.09 | Metacentric |
| 7 | 1.15 ± 0.08 | 1.99 ± 0.11 | 3.15 ± 0.19 | 8.44 ± 0.09 | 0.63 ± 0.08 | Submetacentric |
| 8 * | 1.53 ± 0.08 | 1.60 ± 0.11 | 3.13 ± 0.19 | 8.39 ± 0.05 | 0.51 ± 0.05 | Metacentric |
| 9 | 1.32 ± 0.08 | 1.74 ± 0.10 | 3.06 ± 0.18 | 8.20 ± 0.08 | 0.57 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
| 10 | 1.13 ± 0.07 | 1.43 ± 0.09 | 2.55 ± 0.17 | 6.84 ± 0.09 | 0.56 ± 0.07 | Metacentric |
| 11 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 1.56 ± 0.09 | 2.44 ± 0.15 | 6.53 ± 0.07 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | Submetacentric |
| Kaempferia sisaketensis 2n = 22 | ||||||
| Chro. Pair | Ls ± SD (µm) | Ll ± SD (µm) | LT ± SD (µm) | RL (%) | CI | Chromosome Type |
| 1 * | 1.30 ± 0.09 | 2.60 ± 0.73 | 3.90 ± 0.82 | 10.91 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.05 | Submetacentric |
| 2 | 1.17 ± 0.08 | 2.49 ± 0.14 | 3.66 ± 0.22 | 10.23 ± 0.07 | 0.68 ± 0.06 | Submetacentric |
| 3 | 1.51 ± 0.09 | 2.10 ± 0.13 | 3.61 ± 0.22 | 10.09 ± 0.09 | 0.58 ± 0.09 | Metacentric |
| 4 | 1.45 ± 0.09 | 1.93 ± 0.12 | 3.37 ± 0.20 | 9.44 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
| 5 | 1.42 ± 0.08 | 1.94 ± 0.12 | 3.36 ± 0.20 | 9.41 ± 0.06 | 0.58 ± 0.09 | Metacentric |
| 6 * | 1.50 ± 0.09 | 1.84 ± 0.11 | 3.34 ± 0.20 | 9.35 ± 0.09 | 0.55 ± 0.07 | Metacentric |
| 7 * | 1.61 ± 0.09 | 1.67 ± 0.10 | 3.28 ± 0.18 | 9.19 ± 0.09 | 0.51 ± 0.07 | Metacentric |
| 8 | 1.26 ± 0.08 | 1.71 ± 0.10 | 2.97 ± 0.18 | 8.31 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
| 9 * | 1.35 ± 0.08 | 1.61 ± 0.09 | 2.96 ± 0.17 | 8.28 ± 0.06 | 0.54 ± 0.09 | Metacentric |
| 10 | 1.33 ± 0.07 | 1.40 ± 0.09 | 2.72 ± 0.16 | 7.62 ± 0.08 | 0.51 ± 0.07 | Metacentric |
| 11 | 1.09 ± 0.06 | 1.47 ± 0.09 | 2.57 ± 0.15 | 7.18 ± 0.07 | 0.57 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
| Kaempferia takensis 2n = 22 | ||||||
| Chro. Pair | Ls ± SD (µm) | Ll ± SD (µm) | LT ± SD (µm) | RL (%) | CI | Chromosome Type |
| 1 * | 1.11 ± 0.27 | 3.20 ± 0.46 | 4.31 ± 0.22 | 11.00 ± 0.13 | 0.74 ± 0.11 | Subtalocentric |
| 2 | 1.99 ± 0.13 | 2.24 ± 0.20 | 4.23 ± 0.33 | 11.00 ± 0.13 | 0.53 ± 0.13 | Metacentric |
| 3 | 1.21 ± 0.11 | 2.90 ± 0.17 | 4.11 ± 0.28 | 11.00 ± 0.13 | 0.71 ± 0.15 | Subtalocentric |
| 4 | 1.60 ± 0.11 | 2.50 ± 0.16 | 4.09 ± 0.27 | 10.00 ± 0.11 | 0.61 ± 0.17 | Submetacentric |
| 5 | 1.99 ± 0.13 | 2.00 ± 0.14 | 3.99 ± 0.27 | 10.00 ± 0.11 | 0.50 ± 0.12 | Metacentric |
| 6 | 1.13 ± 0.10 | 2.65 ± 0.16 | 3.77 ± 0.26 | 10.00 ± 0.11 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | Subtalocentric |
| 7 | 1.69 ± 0.10 | 2.06 ± 0.15 | 3.76 ± 0.25 | 10.00 ± 0.11 | 0.55 ± 0.11 | Metacentric |
| 8 | 1.44 ± 0.11 | 2.17 ± 0.13 | 3.61 ± 0.24 | 9.00 ± 0.13 | 0.60 ± 0.15 | Submetacentric |
| 9 * | 1.09 ± 0.10 | 1.65 ± 0.12 | 2.74 ± 0.21 | 7.00 ± 0.15 | 0.60 ± 0.15 | Submetacentric |
| 10 | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 1.36 ± 0.12 | 2.26 ± 0.18 | 6.00 ± 0.12 | 0.60 ± 0.15 | Submetacentric |
| 11 | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 1.28 ± 0.08 | 2.15 ± 0.14 | 6.00 ± 0.12 | 0.60 ± 0.15 | Submetacentric |
| Kaempferia udonensis 2n = 22 | ||||||
| Chro. Pair | Ls ± SD (µm) | Ll ± SD (µm) | LT ± SD (µm) | RL (%) | CI | Chromosome Type |
| 1 * | 1.63 ± 0.10 | 2.35 ± 0.62 | 3.97 ± 0.72 | 10.80 ± 0.08 | 0.59 ± 0.06 | Metacentric |
| 2 | 1.87 ± 0.08 | 2.92 ± 0.16 | 3.79 ± 0.23 | 10.31 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.08 | Subtalocentric |
| 3 | 1.12 ± 0.08 | 2.61 ± 0.14 | 3.73 ± 0.23 | 10.15 ± 0.07 | 0.70 ± 0.05 | Subtalocentric |
| 4 | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 2.61 ± 0.14 | 3.62 ± 0.22 | 9.83 ± 0.08 | 0.72 ± 0.07 | Subtalocentric |
| 5 * | 1.62 ± 0.08 | 1.98 ± 0.12 | 3.60 ± 0.21 | 9.79 ± 0.05 | 0.55 ± 0.06 | Metacentric |
| 6 | 1.52 ± 0.09 | 1.97 ± 0.11 | 3.49 ± 0.21 | 9.48 ± 0.08 | 0.57 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
| 7 | 1.18 ± 0.08 | 2.30 ± 0.12 | 3.47 ± 0.20 | 9.44 ± 0.07 | 0.66 ± 0.07 | Submetacentric |
| 8 | 1.42 ± 0.07 | 1.58 ± 0.10 | 3.00 ± 0.17 | 8.15 ± 0.06 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | Metacentric |
| 9 | 1.25 ± 0.08 | 1.72 ± 0.10 | 2.97 ± 0.17 | 8.07 ± 0.08 | 0.58 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
| 10 | 1.12 ± 0.07 | 1.60 ± 0.09 | 2.72 ± 0.16 | 7.40 ± 0.06 | 0.59 ± 0.06 | Metacentric |
| 11 | 1.16 ± 0.07 | 1.26 ± 0.08 | 2.42 ± 0.15 | 6.57 ± 0.08 | 0.52 ± 0.08 | Metacentric |
* Satellite.
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Saensouk, P.; Muangsan, N.; Souladeth, P.; Koompoot, K.; Pradit, N.; Sengthong, A.; Saensouk, S. Cytogenetics of Five Edible Species of the Genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060633
AMA Style
Saensouk P, Muangsan N, Souladeth P, Koompoot K, Pradit N, Sengthong A, Saensouk S. Cytogenetics of Five Edible Species of the Genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(6):633. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060633
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaensouk, Piyaporn, Nooduan Muangsan, Phetlasy Souladeth, Kamonwan Koompoot, Nakorn Pradit, Anousone Sengthong, and Surapon Saensouk. 2024. "Cytogenetics of Five Edible Species of the Genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand" Horticulturae 10, no. 6: 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060633
APA StyleSaensouk, P., Muangsan, N., Souladeth, P., Koompoot, K., Pradit, N., Sengthong, A., & Saensouk, S. (2024). Cytogenetics of Five Edible Species of the Genus Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) from Thailand. Horticulturae, 10(6), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060633
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