Structure Characteristics, Variation of Main Quantitative Traits, and Probability Grading of Chinese Olive (Canarium album) Seeds
College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Co-first authors.
Horticulturae 2024, 10(7), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070736
Submission received: 25 May 2024
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Revised: 7 July 2024
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Accepted: 11 July 2024
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Published: 12 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)
Abstract
:In order to comprehensively describe and evaluate Chinese olive seeds, this study examined 33 varieties (strains) of Chinese olive seeds to address the limitations of previous research on quantitative trait variation and grading among Chinese olive seed varieties (strains). The research specifically focused on evaluating the morphological characteristics, seed locule structure, embryo composition, and phenotypic quantitative traits of Chinese olive seeds. The results indicated that Chinese olive seeds consisted of a core, seed coat, and embryo. Typically, the core contained two to four locules, with each locule containing zero to one embryos. Eight distinct structural variations were identified, with the number of locules per seed ranging from two to four and the number of embryos ranging from one to four. The most common structural types were ‘3-locule 1-embryo’ and ‘3-locule 2-embryo’, each occurring in 100% of the varieties (strains) studied. These two structural types also had a high average proportion within each variety (line), accounting for 50.17% and 42.06%, respectively. The average dimensions of a seed were 31.20 mm in length and 10.89 mm in width, with a shape index of 2.89 and weighing 1.55 g. These quantitative traits displayed significant variation, with the coefficient of variation being highest for single seed weight (19.35%) and lowest for seed length (9.39%). Normality tests revealed that seed width, seed length, and single seed weight followed a normal distribution. These traits were categorized into five levels based on specific points, with probabilities of occurrence approximately 10%, 20%, 40%, 20%, and 10%, respectively. The findings of this study are crucial for understanding and utilizing Chinese olive seed traits and provide valuable insights for the establishment of seed trait standards and data normalization.
1. Introduction
Canarium album L., also known as the Chinese olive, is a fruit tree from the Burseraceae family [1]. Originally from southeastern China, it has been cultivated in various Asian tropical and semi-tropical regions [2,3]. In China, Chinese olives are primarily found in Fujian, Guangxi, Zhejiang, and other regions [1], with Fujian Province leading in Chinese olive production [4]. Chinese olives have both medicinal and culinary uses, being rich in nutrients such as polysaccharides, dietary fiber, vitamin C, and calcium [5,6]. These nutritional benefits have contributed to the high value placed on Chinese olives for their therapeutic properties [7,8].
Seeds serve as both the beginning and culmination of plant life, playing a crucial role in the growth and development of plants [5]. Being carriers of genetic information, seeds are essential for reproducing numerous offspring, offering ample resources for breeding programs and selection processes [6]. The characteristics of seeds are influenced by a combination of genetic factors and environmental conditions. Diverse germplasm variations are vital for identifying superior fruit tree germplasm and serve as a fundamental component for classifying and distinguishing plant resources. Chinese olives are classified as drupes, characterized by seed types that consist of seeds and endocarps. The endocarp, which is highly lignified, takes the form of a spindle-shaped nucleus with both blunt and sharp edges on its surface. This nucleus is segmented into 2–4 locules, each potentially housing 0–1 seeds, which comprise a seed coat and embryo [3,9].
The current evaluation of Chinese olive seed morphology and quantitative traits is limited to a statistical analysis of a single variety [9], lacking a comprehensive research approach. It is important to note that a single variety may not accurately represent the traits of the entire olive population, thus hindering the establishment of a solid theoretical foundation for the inheritance and classification of olive germplasm resources. In this study, 33 different varieties (strains) of Chinese olive seeds were utilized as materials to observe morphological characteristics and seed locules. Quantitative traits were statistically analyzed and graded for probability, with the aim of providing essential data support and scientific references for the systematic research of Chinese olive seeds.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
The test materials were collected from the Chinese Olive Germplasm Resource Garden in Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China (26°8′6″ N, 119°15′58″ E) at the end of November 2023. Samples were randomly collected from each plant in the southeast and northwest directions during the fruit maturity period. Following harvesting, the pulp was removed and the seeds were extracted, washed, dried, and stored at room temperature for future use in observing the quantitative traits of the seeds. All 33 Chinese olive germplasm included in this study were either high-inoculation strains or seedling strains. They were cultivated and managed intensively under open-air conditions. More information about the germplasm can be found in Table 1.
2.2. Methods
Sixty seeds of each variety (line) of Chinese olive were randomly selected. The number of seed locules and embryos was counted, and the length and width of the seeds were measured using vernier calipers (DL91200, Deli, China) with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The weight of the seeds was determined using an electronic balance with an accuracy (ATY124, Shimadzu, Japan) of 0.01 g. The seed shape index was calculated as the ratio of the length to the width of the seeds.
2.3. Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics were collected for quantitative traits to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV), CV (%) = (S/X) × 100, where X denotes the mean and S denotes the standard deviation. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test was used to test the normality of the distribution of quantitative traits of seeds. The quantitative traits conforming to the normal distribution were divided into five grades according to the four points of (X − 1.2818S), (X − 0.5246S), (X + 0.5246S), and (X + 1.2818S), so that the occurrence probabilities of grades 1–5 were 10%, 20%, 40%, 20%, and 10%, respectively [10]. The calculated theoretical score point values were normalized and adjusted for ease of memory and comparison. The adjustment process ensured that the rounding and inclusion value of each score point did not exceed 0.12 times the corresponding standard deviation, the adjusted score point value did not change by more than 2% whenever possible, and that the differences between the 1st and 2nd score points were equal to the differences between the 3rd and 4th score points [11]. Raw data organization was performed using Excel 2016, descriptive statistical analysis and probability grading were conducted using SPSS 26, and plotting was carried out using Origin 2022.
3. Results
3.1. Structural Characteristics of Seeds and Statistical Analysis of the Locule and Embryo
The morphological structure of Chinese olive seeds from different varieties (strains) is illustrated in Figure 1A,B. Each seed consisted of a core, seed coat, and embryo. The core of the fruit was spindle-shaped, with both blunt and sharp edges on its surface. It was segmented into two to four locules, each potentially containing zero to one embryo. The seed coat enveloped the outside of the embryo. To facilitate explanation, the structural variations in seeds were characterized based on the number of locules and embryos.
The statistical analysis of Chinese olive seed locules and embryos revealed eight distinct structural types (Table 2, Figure 2). Locules ranged from two to four, while embryos ranged from one to four. The most common types were 3-locule, 1-embryo (III-1) and 3-locule, 2-embryo (III-2), both present in 100% of the germplasm population. Less common types included 3-locule, 3-embryo (III-3) and 4-locule, 2-embryo (IV-2), with frequencies of 45.45% and 36.36%, respectively. The least common types were 4-locule, 1-embryo (IV-1); 4-locule, 4-embryo (IV-4); 2-locule, 1-embryo (II-1); and 2-locule, 2-embryo (II-2), each appearing at a frequency of 3.03%. The distribution of these structural types varied among different varieties, with III-1 and III-2 being the most prevalent, averaging 50.17% and 42.06% within a single variety. On the other hand, III-3, IV-2, IV-1, IV-4, II-1, and II-2 had lower average proportions within a single variety, ranging from 2.22% to 12.75% (Figure 3).
3.2. Statistical Analysis and Probability Classification of Seed Quantitative Traits
3.2.1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Analysis of Quantitative Traits
The Chinese olive germplasm population’s seeds had a width range of 8.69~12.85 mm with an average of 10.89 mm, a length range of 26.70~42.47 mm with an average of 31.20 mm, a single seed weight range of 0.99~2.26 g with an average of 1.55 g, and a seed shape index range of 2.19~3.94 with an average of 2.89. The coefficient of variation for the four quantitative traits ranged from 9.39% to 19.35%. The single seed weight had the largest coefficient of variation at 19.35%, followed by the seed shape index, seed width, and seed length at 14.19%, 9.55%, and 9.39%, respectively. These results indicate a rich genetic diversity among Chinese olive seeds, with significant phenotypic trait differences observed among different cultivars (strains) of Chinese olive seeds (see Table 3).
The matrix diagram and correlation analysis results of the statistical results of Chinese olive seed phenotypic traits are shown in Figure 4. Seed width exhibited a positive correlation with single seed weight (p < 0.05), showing a correlation coefficient of 0.82, while it was negatively correlated with the seed shape index (p < 0.01), with a correlation coefficient of −0.75. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between seed length and single seed weight (p < 0.05), with a correlation coefficient of 0.40 and a highly significant positive correlation with seed shape index (p < 0.01), with a correlation coefficient of 0.72.
3.2.2. Normality Test of Quantitative Traits
The K-S method was utilized to assess the normality of four quantitative traits of Chinese olive seeds. The results show that under a test level of α = 0.05, p > 0.05, indicating that the population traits followed a normal distribution. The analysis from Table 4 revealed that the p > 0.05 values for seed length, seed width, and single seed weight aligned with the normal distribution. However, the p value for the seed shape index was less than 0.05, indicating a deviation from the normal distribution. This suggests that while the three quantitative traits of seed length, seed width, and single seed weight can be categorized based on probability, the seed shape index does not fully adhere to the normal distribution.
3.2.3. Probability Classification of Quantitative Traits
Based on the results of the K-S test, the seed length, seed width, and single seed weight were categorized into five grades using the normal distribution formula (X − 1.2818S), (X − 0.5246S), (X + 0.5246S), and (X + 1.2818S). To enhance usability and facilitate recall, the scores obtained were standardized and adjusted. The distribution of each grade is presented in Table 5 and Figure 5. The seed width was distributed as follows: grade 1 (<9.6 mm) accounted for 12.12%, grade 2 (9.6 − 10.3 mm) accounted for 18.18%, grade 3 (10.3 − 11.5 mm) accounted for 42.42%, grade 4 (11.5 − 12.2 mm) accounted for 18.18%, and grade 5 (≥12.2 mm) accounted for 9.09%. For the seed length, the distribution was as follows: grade 1 (<27.6 mm) accounted for 6.07%, grade 2 (27.6 − 29.7 mm) accounted for 21.21%, grade 3 (29.7–32.6 mm) accounted for 45.45%, grade 4 (32.6 − 34.7 mm) accounted for 21.21%, and grade 5 (≥34.7 mm) accounted for 6.06%. In terms of single seed weight, grade 1 (<1.2 mm) accounted for 9.09%, grade 2 (1.2 − 1.4 mm) accounted for 24.24%, grade 3 (1.4 − 1.7 mm) accounted for 36.36%, grade 4 (1.7 − 1.9 mm) accounted for 15.15%, and grade 5 (≥1.9 mm) accounted for 15.15%.
4. Discussion
The morphological structure of seeds is essential for distinguishing horticultural plant species and varieties, as well as for evaluating seed quality [12]. Drupe plants have seeds consisting of a hard endocarp that forms a fruit nucleus, with seeds contained within [13]. Typically, each core contains a single seed [14], similar to peaches, plums, and walnuts [13,15]. In contrast, olives are also drupe-like fruit, but their internal structure is distinct. The Chinese olive nucleus is divided into 2–4 compartments, each potentially containing 0–1 embryos, with the embryo surrounded by the seed coat [9]. This study investigates the variations in olive seed structure based on the number of inner chambers and embryos present in the fruit core. The findings reveal the existence of eight distinct seed structure types, with 2–4 variations in chamber numbers and 1–4 variations in embryo numbers. Notably, the likelihood of observing the structural types of 3-locule, 1-embryo and 3-locule, 2-embryo in each variety (strain) is remarkably high at 100%. Contrary to previous research indicating 12 seed structure types for the ‘Changying’ variety [9], our statistical analysis suggests a lower number of variations, possibly due to differences in the seed count methodology employed.
Seed morphology is a critical aspect of descriptive taxonomy, plant systematics, and evolutionary research [16,17]. Trait variation is fundamental for species evolution and the creation of new varieties and has been a key focus in plant classification and breeding [10]. The more pronounced the trait variation within a population, the more significant the contribution to germplasm diversity and innovation [18,19]. The coefficient of variation (CV) in an analysis of variance can indicate the level of dispersion of genetic diversity in germplasm resources [20]. A higher CV value suggests a greater variation in characteristic traits among germplasm [21]. This study revealed significant variations in Chinese olive germplasm resources in terms of seed width, length, seed shape index, and single seed weight, with coefficients of variation ranging from 9.39% to 19.35%. Single seed weight, a key indicator of seed size, exhibited a higher coefficient of variation compared to other seed trait indicators. These findings suggest that the frequency of variation and evolutionary speed differ among various traits in Chinese olive seeds. In general, Chinese olive germplasm resources display relatively rich genetic diversity, indicating potential for selective breeding.
Seed size variation is a crucial agronomic trait in plant breeding, impacting both plant phenotype and genotype adaptation to the environment [22,23]. Research indicates that larger seeds with increased endosperm or cotyledon size store more nutrients, supporting seedling growth and early root development [24]. Additionally, large seeds exhibit greater resistance and endurance under adverse conditions, benefiting overall seedling growth and development [25]. Small seeds offer notable advantages in breeding due to their enhanced dissemination and diffusion capabilities [26]. Consequently, grading seeds is crucial not only for seed breeding and seedling cultivation but also for establishing a solid foundation for germplasm resource management.
The probability grading method is a widely utilized approach for assessing quantitative traits, with the intermediate level being the most prevalent and typically close to the average value. By utilizing the mean and standard deviation of traits, the grading of traits becomes evidence-based, and the grading criteria for each trait are standardized, enhancing objectivity, universality, and comparability. Furthermore, it can also depict the median and dispersion of trait variation, along with the position of each level within the overall variation [10]. This method was first proposed in 1992 [10] and has since been successfully applied to categorize traits in various crops such as Chinese olives [9,27], grapes [28], walnuts [29], and apricots [30]. In this study, the main quantitative characteristics of different varieties (strains) of olive seeds were graded using the probability method for the first time, resulting in satisfactory outcomes. These findings serve as a valuable reference for future research on the evaluation system of olive germplasm resources and establish a foundation for the quantification and standardization of the description system for olive germplasm resources. The probability grading method is not without its limitations. It requires a large sample size that accurately represents the population, and the subjective nature of determining the dividing point can be a drawback. Nevertheless, as research on germplasm resources continues to advance, the potential applications of this classification method are extensive.
5. Conclusions
Chinese olive seeds are composed of a core, seed coat, and embryo. The core is divided into 2–4 locules, with each potentially containing 0–1 embryos. There are eight distinct seed structures identified as 3-ventricular, 1-embryo; 3-ventricular, 2-embryo; 3-ventricular, 3-embryo; 4-ventricular, 1-embryo; 4-ventricular, 2-embryo; 4-ventricular, 4-embryo; 2-ventricular, 1-embryo; and 2-ventricular, 2-embryo. The most common seed structures in the germplasm population are 3-locule, 1-embryo (100%) and 3-locule, 2-embryo (100%), followed by 3-locule, 3-embryo (45.45%) and 4-locule, 2-embryo (36.36%). The seed width ranges from 8.69 to 12.85 mm, the length ranges from 26.70 to 42.47 mm, the single seed weight ranges from 0.99 to 2.26 g, and the seed shape index ranges from 2.19 to 3.94. The coefficient of variation for the four quantitative traits falls between 9.39% and 19.35%. Notably, single seed weight exhibits the highest coefficient of variation at 19.35%, followed by seed shape index, width, and length at 14.19%, 9.55%, and 9.39%, respectively. The three quantitative traits of seed width, seed length, and single seed weight were found to follow a normal distribution. Probability grading was conducted on these traits, leading to the establishment of grading standards. These standards were divided into five levels based on specific points, with probabilities of occurrence approximately 10%, 20%, 40%, 20%, and 10%, respectively.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, Q.C. and Q.X.; methodology, Q.X. and L.J.; software, Q.X. and L.J.; validation, Q.Z. and Y.Z.; formal analysis, L.J., Q.Z. and Y.Z.; investigation, Q.X. and Y.Y.; resources, Q.C.; data curation, L.J. and Y.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.X.; writing—review and editing, Q.C.; visualization, Q.X. and L.J.; supervision, Q.C; project administration, Q.C.; funding acquisition, Q.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This project was supported by the Special Project for the Construction of Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System in Fujian Province, China (Min Cai Jiao Zhi [2021] No. 61).
Data Availability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Researcher Rujian Wu from the Fruit Tree Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in China, as well as the teachers from their research group, for their valuable assistance during the sampling process of experimental materials.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Figure 1.
Morphological structure of different varieties (strains) of Chinese olive seeds. (A) illustrates the morphology of the entire seed, while (B) shows the cross-section of the seed. The variety (strain) names corresponding to the code are shown in Table 1.
Figure 1.
Morphological structure of different varieties (strains) of Chinese olive seeds. (A) illustrates the morphology of the entire seed, while (B) shows the cross-section of the seed. The variety (strain) names corresponding to the code are shown in Table 1.
Figure 2.
The frequency of different structural types in Chinese olive seeds from 33 different varieties (strains). A frequency of 100% signified that a particular structural type was present in all 33 varieties.
Figure 2.
The frequency of different structural types in Chinese olive seeds from 33 different varieties (strains). A frequency of 100% signified that a particular structural type was present in all 33 varieties.
Figure 3.
The average proportion of seeds with different structural types in each Chinese olive variety (strains). Each variety (strains) is represented by 60 seeds, and the proportion of 8 structural types within these seeds was calculated. The results are represented by a symbol ◆. The average proportion of the 8 structural types across different varieties (strains) is represented by ■.
Figure 3.
The average proportion of seeds with different structural types in each Chinese olive variety (strains). Each variety (strains) is represented by 60 seeds, and the proportion of 8 structural types within these seeds was calculated. The results are represented by a symbol ◆. The average proportion of the 8 structural types across different varieties (strains) is represented by ■.
Figure 4.
Quantitative trait matrix diagram and correlation analysis of Chinese olive seeds. * indicates significant correlation at 0.05 level; ** indicates significant correlation at 0.01 level. The ● in the scatter plot symbolizes the average value of the corresponding quantitative traits of 33 germplasm seeds.
Figure 4.
Quantitative trait matrix diagram and correlation analysis of Chinese olive seeds. * indicates significant correlation at 0.05 level; ** indicates significant correlation at 0.01 level. The ● in the scatter plot symbolizes the average value of the corresponding quantitative traits of 33 germplasm seeds.
Figure 5.
Frequency distribution of grading of various traits of Chinese olive seeds. (A) Seed width, (B) seed length, (C) single seed weight.
Figure 5.
Frequency distribution of grading of various traits of Chinese olive seeds. (A) Seed width, (B) seed length, (C) single seed weight.
Table 1.
The information on Chinese olive.
| Code | Name | Source | Code | Name | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CY | Wampee Changying | Fuzhou, Fujian, China | RA1 | Rui’an 1 | Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China |
| DK | Meixi 1 | Fuzhou, Fujian, China | RA2 | Rui’an 2 | Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China |
| GZ1 | Gaozhou 1 | Maoming, Guangdong, China | RA3 | Rui’an 3 | Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China |
| GZ2 | Gaozhou 2 | Maoming, Guangdong, China | SJ1 | Sijilan 1 | Ningde, Fujian, China |
| HJ | Hejiang Er‘’baiyuan | Luzhou, Sichuan, China | SJ2 | Sijilan 2 | Ningde, Fujian, China |
| HT | Yongding 1 | Longyan, Fujian, China | SJ3 | Sijilan 3 | Ningde, Fujian, China |
| HY | Huiyuan | Fuzhou, Fujian, China | SL1 | Suiganlan 1 | Zhangzhou, Fujian, China |
| JL | Jiexi Xianglan | Jieyang, Guangdong, China | SL2 | Suiganlan 2 | Zhangzhou, Fujian, China |
| LF | Lingfeng | Fuzhou, Fujian, China | SS1 | Shisheng 1 | Fuzhou, Fujian, China |
| LJ | Lengjian | Caozhou, Guangdong, China | SS2 | Shisheng 2 | Fuzhou, Fujian, China |
| NA1 | Nan’an 1 | Quanzhou, Fujian, China | SS3 | Shisheng 3 | Fuzhou, Fujian, China |
| NA2 | Nan’an 2 | Quanzhou, Fujian, China | SS4 | Shisheng 4 | Fuzhou, Fujian, China |
| NL | Niulan 1 | Qinzhou, Guangxi, China | SZ | Hejiang Dasuozi | Luzhou, Sichuan, China |
| PY1 | Pingyang 1 | Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China | YL | Zhuyaolan | Qinzhou, Guangxi, China |
| PY2 | Pingyang 2 | Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China | ZB1 | Zhuangbian 1 | Putian, Fujian, China |
| QG | Chinese White Olive 1 | Fuzhou, Fujian, China | ZB2 | Zhuangbian 2 | Putian, Fujian, China |
| QL | Green-Rind Chinese | Maoming, Guangdong, China |
Table 2.
Statistics on the number of locules and embryos of Chinese olive seeds.
| Code | Locule Type | Percentage (%) | Code | Locule Type | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CY | III-1 | 43.75 | GZ1 | III-1 | 59.46 |
| III-2 | 56.25 | III-2 | 40.54 | ||
| HJ | III-1 | 48.39 | HT | III-1 | 56.41 |
| III-2 | 51.61 | III-2 | 43.59 | ||
| JL | III-1 | 62.07 | PY2 | III-1 | 55.56 |
| III-2 | 37.93 | III-2 | 44.44 | ||
| QL | III-1 | 66.67 | RA1 | III-1 | 64.86 |
| III-2 | 33.33 | III-2 | 35.14 | ||
| SJ3 | III-1 | 50.91 | SS2 | III-1 | 60.53 |
| III-2 | 49.09 | III-2 | 39.47 | ||
| GZ2 | III-1 | 48.48 | LF | III-1 | 38.64 |
| III-2 | 48.48 | III-2 | 56.82 | ||
| IV-2 | 3.03 | III-3 | 4.55 | ||
| LJ | III-1 | 43.18 | NA2 | III-1 | 53.13 |
| III-2 | 47.73 | III-2 | 31.25 | ||
| III-3 | 9.09 | IV-2 | 15.63 | ||
| QG | III-1 | 43.86 | RA2 | III-1 | 74.36 |
| III-2 | 38.60 | III-2 | 17.95 | ||
| III-3 | 17.54 | III-3 | 7.69 | ||
| SJ1 | III-1 | 39.13 | SJ2 | III-1 | 32.50 |
| III-2 | 54.35 | III-2 | 55.00 | ||
| IV-2 | 6.52 | IV-2 | 12.50 | ||
| SL1 | III-1 | 54.35 | SL2 | III-1 | 27.27 |
| III-2 | 43.48 | III-2 | 36.36 | ||
| IV-2 | 2.17 | III-3 | 36.36 | ||
| SS1 | III-1 | 45.24 | SS3 | III-1 | 27.27 |
| III-2 | 45.24 | III-2 | 54.55 | ||
| IV-4 | 9.52 | III-3 | 18.18 | ||
| SS4 | III-1 | 77.78 | SZ | III-1 | 15.63 |
| III-2 | 20.00 | III-2 | 78.13 | ||
| IV-1 | 2.22 | III-3 | 6.25 | ||
| YL | III-1 | 59.26 | ZB1 | III-1 | 66.67 |
| III-2 | 37.04 | III-2 | 31.37 | ||
| III-3 | 3.70 | IV-2 | 1.96 | ||
| DK | II-1 | 2.78 | HY | II-2 | 2.78 |
| III-1 | 83.33 | III-1 | 33.33 | ||
| III-2 | 11.11 | III-2 | 36.11 | ||
| IV-2 | 2.78 | III-3 | 27.78 | ||
| NA1 | III-1 | 48.48 | NL | III-1 | 40.54 |
| III-2 | 39.39 | III-2 | 45.95 | ||
| III-3 | 6.06 | III-3 | 10.81 | ||
| IV-2 | 6.06 | IV-2 | 2.70 | ||
| PY1 | III-1 | 43.48 | RA3 | III-1 | 61.11 |
| III-2 | 47.83 | III-2 | 33.33 | ||
| III-3 | 4.35 | III-3 | 2.78 | ||
| IV-2 | 4.35 | IV-2 | 2.78 | ||
| ZB2 | III-1 | 30.00 | |||
| III-2 | 46.67 | ||||
| III-3 | 23.33 |
Note: II–IV represents the number of seed locules, 1–3 represents the number of embryos, and the variety (strain) names corresponding to the code are shown in Table 1.
Table 3.
Statistics on phenotypic traits of Chinese olive seeds.
| Phenotypic Trait | Max | Min | Mean | SD | CV/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seed width (mm) | 12.85 | 8.69 | 10.89 | 1.04 | 9.55 |
| Seed length (mm) | 42.47 | 26.70 | 31.20 | 2.93 | 9.39 |
| Seed shape index | 3.94 | 2.19 | 2.89 | 0.41 | 14.19 |
| Single seed weight (g) | 2.26 | 0.99 | 1.55 | 0.30 | 19.35 |
Table 4.
K-S normality test of quantitative traits of Chinese olive seeds.
| Phenotypic Trait | Extreme Differences | K-S Value | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | Positive | Negative | |||
| Seed width (mm) | 0.097 | 0.097 | −0.065 | 0.097 | 0.200 |
| Seed length (mm) | 0.137 | 0.137 | −0.083 | 0.137 | 0.119 |
| Single seed weight (g) | 0.104 | 0.104 | −0.070 | 0.104 | 0.200 |
| Seed shape index | 0.162 | 0.162 | −0.090 | 0.162 | 0.028 |
Table 5.
Probability classification of quantitative traits of Chinese olive seeds.
| Phenotypic Trait | Grade | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before Adjusting | After Adjusting | |||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Seed width (mm) | 9.56 | 10.34 | 11.44 | 12.22 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 11.5 | 12.2 |
| Seed length (mm) | 27.44 | 29.66 | 32.74 | 34.96 | 27.6 | 29.7 | 32.6 | 34.7 |
| Single seed weight (g) | 1.17 | 1.39 | 1.71 | 1.93 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.9 |
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MDPI and ACS Style
Xie, Q.; Jiang, L.; Zhao, Q.; Zheng, Y.; Yang, Y.; Chen, Q. Structure Characteristics, Variation of Main Quantitative Traits, and Probability Grading of Chinese Olive (Canarium album) Seeds. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070736
AMA Style
Xie Q, Jiang L, Zhao Q, Zheng Y, Yang Y, Chen Q. Structure Characteristics, Variation of Main Quantitative Traits, and Probability Grading of Chinese Olive (Canarium album) Seeds. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(7):736. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070736
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Qian, Lai Jiang, Qingqing Zhao, Yanju Zheng, Yanfei Yang, and Qingxi Chen. 2024. "Structure Characteristics, Variation of Main Quantitative Traits, and Probability Grading of Chinese Olive (Canarium album) Seeds" Horticulturae 10, no. 7: 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070736
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