Structure and Trends in Climate Parameters of Wine-Growing Regions in Slovenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Climate Data
2.2. Climate Parameters and Bioclimatic Indices
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Climatic Structure in the Wine-Growing Regions of SLOVENIA
3.2. Temperature Parameter Trends
3.3. Precipitation Parameters Trends
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Parameter Description |
---|---|
Tavg | Average annual temperature, °C |
Tmax | Average annual maximum temperature, °C |
Tmin | Average annual minimum temperature, °C |
GSTavg | Average growing season temperature (April to October), °C |
GSTmax | Average growing season maximum temperature (April–October), °C |
GSTmin | Average growing season minimum temperature (April–October), °C |
HI | Huglin Index (April to September), °C units |
GDDs | Growing degree days (sum of temperature above 10 °C), °C units |
TMJ | Average temperature in May and June, °C |
NDTN20 | Tropical nights: number of days with TN > 20 °C days |
NDT25 | Number of days with maximum temperature > 25 °C |
NDT30 | Number of days with maximum temperature > 30 °C |
NDT35 | Number of days with maximum temperature > 35 °C |
NDF | Number of days with minimum temperature <0 °C (frost occurrence) |
NDFF | Number of days between last and first frost (frost-free period length) |
NDTN-2.5 | Moderate cold days: number of days with TN < −2.5 °C days |
NDTN-10 | Extreme cold days: number of days with TN < −10 °C days |
AP | Total annual precipitation, mm/m2 |
GSP | Total growing season precipitation (April to October), mm/m2 |
Wine-Growing Region/Station | Podravje/Maribor | Posavje/Novo Mesto | Primorska/Bilje | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Variable | Variable | |||||||||||||
Parameters | Mean | SD | Trend yr−1 | MK-Test | p | Mean | SD | Trend yr−1 | MK-Test | p | Mean | SD | Trend yr−1 | MK-Test | p |
Tavg | 10.3 | 0.99 | 0.037 | 0.628 | 0.001 | 10.2 | 1.00 | 0.051 | 0.603 | 0.001 | 12.6 | 0.79 | 0.017 | 0.299 | 0.001 |
Tmax | 15.5 | 1.14 | 0.038 | 0.542 | 0.001 | 15.7 | 1.19 | 0.051 | 0.440 | 0.001 | 18.5 | 0.82 | 0.021 | 0.367 | 0.060 |
Tmin | 5.7 | 1.06 | 0.042 | 0.66 | 0.001 | 5.4 | 1.10 | 0.053 | 0.672 | 0.001 | 7.3 | 1.03 | 0.021 | 0.305 | 0.001 |
GSTavg | 15.8 | 0.99 | 0.037 | 0.589 | 0.001 | 15.6 | 1.0 | 0.039 | 0.565 | 0.001 | 17.5 | 0.93 | 0.023 | 0.328 | 0.534 |
GSTmax | 21.5 | 1.15 | 0.038 | 0.491 | 0.001 | 21.8 | 1.3 | 0.034 | 0.371 | 0.001 | 24.0 | 0.97 | 0.024 | 0.315 | 0.001 |
GSTmin | 10.6 | 1.02 | 0.041 | 0.615 | 0.001 | 10.0 | 1.1 | 0.045 | 0.663 | 0.001 | 11.6 | 1.22 | 0.031 | 0.357 | 0.124 |
HI | 1839 | 206 | 7.03 | 0.559 | 0.001 | 1849 | 218 | 8.76 | 0.462 | 0.001 | 2197 | 188 | 6.18 | 0.386 | 0.020 |
GDDs | 1325 | 186 | 6.88 | 0.599 | 0.001 | 1291 | 192 | 8.35 | 0.573 | 0.001 | 1631 | 191 | 4.77 | 0.338 | 0.305 |
TMJ | 17.0 | 1.28 | 0.038 | 0.48 | 0.001 | 16.73 | 1.31 | 0.040 | 0.478 | 0.001 | 18.26 | 1.25 | 0.031 | 0.365 | 0.001 |
NDTN20 | 1.55 | 2.54 | 0.063 | 0.444 | 0.001 | 0.45 | 1.04 | 0.023 | 0.412 | 0.001 | 3.04 | 3.75 | 0.069 | 0.297 | 0.001 |
NDT25 | 63.5 | 17.6 | 0.63 | 0.549 | 0.001 | 68.07 | 18.9 | 0.52 | 0.387 | 0.001 | 95.2 | 15.6 | 0.29 | 0.236 | 0.004 |
NDT30 | 13.3 | 11.8 | 0.57 | 0.502 | 0.001 | 16 | 14.2 | 0.39 | 0.390 | 0.021 | 31.0 | 15.6 | 0.45 | 0.383 | 0.030 |
NDT35 | 0.75 | 1.64 | 0.025 | 0.275 | 0.003 | 1.31 | 3.29 | 0.055 | 0.263 | 0.005 | 2.14 | 3.70 | 0.10 | 0.465 | 0.001 |
NDF | 95 | 19 | −0.56 | −0.411 | 0.001 | 100 | 19 | −0.81 | −0.422 | 0.002 | 67 | 18.4 | 0.03 | −0.008 | 0.927 |
NDFF | 206 | 22 | 0.53 | 0.340 | 0.310 | 197 | 22 | 0.55 | 0.345 | 0.247 | 220 | 28.9 | −0.20 | −0.069 | 0.401 |
NDTN-2.5 | 54.9 | 16.1 | −0.49 | −0.411 | 0.001 | 54.51 | 16.1 | −0.44 | −0.394 | 0.001 | 36.2 | 14.7 | 0.045 | 0.0339 | 0.684 |
NDTN-10 | 8.2 | 7.77 | −0.22 | −0.447 | 0.001 | 9.06 | 7.76 | −0.20 | −0.448 | 0.001 | 1.39 | 2.39 | 0.014 | −0.041 | 0.659 |
AP | 998 | 150 | −2.88 | −0.252 | 0.002 | 1130 | 190 | 0.16 | −0.058 | 0.481 | 1424 | 289 | −2.78 | −0.139 | 0.087 |
GSP | 700 | 124 | −1.68 | −0.214 | 0.008 | 757 | 146 | −0.18 | −0.113 | 0.165 | 870 | 209 | −2.83 | −0.186 | 0.022 |
Podravje/Murska Sobota | Posavje/Črnomelj | Primorska/Koper | |||||||||||||
Tavg | 9.9 | 0.99 | 0.034 | 0.565 | 0.001 | 10.8 | 0.97 | 0.028 | 0.484 | 0.001 | 13.8 | 0.64 | 0.013 | 0.259 | 0.001 |
Tmax | 15.3 | 1.16 | 0.036 | 0.520 | 0.001 | 16.4 | 1.13 | 0.030 | 0.400 | 0.010 | 18.1 | 1.31 | 0.040 | 0.406 | 0.006 |
Tmin | 4.8 | 1.05 | 0.038 | 0.599 | 0.001 | 5.6 | 0.92 | 0.025 | 0.405 | 0.007 | 9.9 | 0.91 | −0.008 | −0.123 | 0.131 |
GSTavg | 15.5 | 1.0 | 0.033 | 0.511 | 0.001 | 16.3 | 1.0 | 0.034 | 0.452 | 0.001 | 18.6 | 0.86 | 0.020 | 0.283 | 0.001 |
GSTmax | 21.6 | 1.2 | 0.038 | 0.446 | 0.001 | 22.6 | 1.2 | 0.022 | 0.263 | 0.001 | 23.2 | 1.61 | 0.042 | 0.404 | 0.006 |
GSTmin | 9.7 | 1.0 | 0.037 | 0.576 | 0.001 | 10.3 | 1.0 | 0.033 | 0.466 | 0.001 | 14.2 | 0.93 | −0.007 | −0.106 | 0.192 |
HI | 1831 | 213 | 6.43 | 0.478 | 0.001 | 1985 | 209 | 9.37 | 0.366 | 0.064 | 2227 | 236 | 7.44 | 0.412 | 0.004 |
GDDs | 1278 | 186 | 6.21 | 0.532 | 0.001 | 1420 | 198 | 5.80 | 0.464 | 0.001 | 1855 | 180 | 4.18 | 0.277 | 0.001 |
TMJ | 16.8 | 1.25 | 0.037 | 0.475 | 0.001 | 17.44 | 1.33 | 0.035 | 0.388 | 0.001 | 18.99 | 1.23 | 0.025 | 0.35 | 0.001 |
NDTN20 | 0.49 | 0.88 | 0.021 | 0.429 | 0.001 | 1.13 | 2.25 | 0.061 | 0.446 | 0.001 | 17.8 | 12.1 | 0.033 | 0.586 | 0.558 |
NDT25 | 64.8 | 17.4 | 0.57 | 0.495 | 0.001 | 79.3 | 17.5 | 0.31 | 0.243 | 0.003 | 84.2 | 25.1 | 0.74 | 0.376 | 0.001 |
NDT30 | 14.1 | 12.1 | 0.37 | 0.447 | 0.001 | 22.2 | 13.9 | 0.35 | 0.282 | 0.001 | 22.2 | 20.7 | 0.70 | 0.437 | 0.001 |
NDT35 | 0.83 | 2.04 | 0.023 | 0.209 | 0.027 | 1.8 | 3.38 | 0.064 | 0.253 | 0.005 | 1.37 | 3.29 | 0.08 | 0.413 | 0.001 |
NDF | 110 | 18 | −0.43 | −0.374 | 0.050 | 100 | 16.7 | −0.76 | −0.138 | 0.092 | 29 | 17.6 | 0.24 | 0.225 | 0.006 |
NDFF | 188 | 18 | 0.41 | 0.359 | 0.111 | 193 | 20.3 | 0.41 | 0.265 | 0.001 | 264 | 31 | −0.38 | −0.181 | 0.039 |
NDTN-2.5 | 64.9 | 15.5 | −0.364 | −0.313 | 0.001 | 59.6 | 13.4 | −0.15 | −0.123 | 0.135 | 9.75 | 8.67 | 0.04 | 0.083 | 0.313 |
NDTN-10 | 13.0 | 10.0 | −0.264 | −0.417 | 0.001 | 10.9 | 7.43 | −0.21 | −0.272 | 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.43 | −0.003 | −0.151 | 0.117 |
AP | 801 | 112 | −0.17 | 0.021 | 0.800 | 1281 | 184 | 0.59 | 0.051 | 0.532 | 995 | 185 | −1.83 | −0.133 | 0.101 |
GSP | 574 | 94 | 0.28 | 0.037 | 0.655 | 803 | 165 | 0.62 | 0.057 | 0.487 | 612 | 152 | −1.85 | −0.208 | 0.010 |
Periods/Parameters | GSTavg ± SD | GSP ± SD | GDDs ± SD | HI ± SD | T > 30 °C ± SD | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MARIBOR * | ||||||||||
1952–2022 | 15.8 | ± 0.99 | 700.5 | ± 124.3 | 1324.9 | ± 186.5 | 1839.0 | ± 206.6 | 13.2 | ± 11.8 |
1961–1990 | 15.2 | ± 0.59 | 725.4 | ± 116.5 | 1205.5 | ± 108.0 | 1704.5 | ± 120.0 | 5.8 | ± 3.8 |
1991–2022 | 16.6 | ± 0.80 | 669.2 | ± 128.2 | 1496.5 | ± 155.9 | 2017.1 | ± 199.8 | 21.9 | ± 12.7 |
1991–2000 | 16.2 | ± 0.75 | 738.9 | ± 142.1 | 1415.8 | ± 130.2 | 1914.0 | ± 163.4 | 13.5 | ± 9.9 |
2001–2010 | 16.7 | ± 0.48 | 692.9 | ± 97.4 | 1496.5 | ± 121.9 | 1996.9 | ± 169.2 | 21.8 | ± 13.2 |
2011–2022 | 17.0 | ± 0.57 | 591.3 | ± 128.8 | 1540.5 | ± 106.4 | 2119.7 | ± 145.5 | 28.5 | ± 8.9 |
MURSKA SOBOTA * | ||||||||||
1952–2022 | 15.5 | ± 1.00 | 574.5 | ± 94.1 | 1277.9 | ± 186.3 | 1831.2 | ± 212.8 | 14.1 | ± 12.1 |
1961–1990 | 14.8 | ± 0.65 | 577.9 | ± 100.3 | 1142.9 | ± 111.1 | 1686.3 | ± 125.4 | 6.3 | ± 4.6 |
1991–2022 | 16.3 | ± 0.87 | 578.2 | ± 93.6 | 1432.3 | ± 168.5 | 2002.9 | ± 201.6 | 23.0 | ± 12.6 |
1991–2000 | 15.9 | ± 0.75 | 571.4 | ± 138.7 | 1364.3 | ± 125.7 | 1914.7 | ± 164.8 | 17.3 | ± 12.6 |
2001–2010 | 16.3 | ± 0.47 | 581.4 | ± 88.7 | 1414.4 | ± 119.3 | 1985.3 | ± 164.8 | 23.9 | ± 12.4 |
2011–2022 | 16.8 | ± 0.59 | 581.3 | ± 74.4 | 1518.5 | ± 107.1 | 2091.1 | ± 151.7 | 27.0 | ± 10.5 |
NOVO MESTO ** | ||||||||||
1952–2022 | 15.6 | ± 1.04 | 757.5 | ± 146.3 | 1291.2 | ± 193.8 | 1849.2 | ± 218.5 | 16.0 | ± 14.2 |
1961–1990 | 14.8 | ± 0.61 | 771.1 | ± 127.4 | 1146.4 | ± 109.2 | 1693.7 | ± 112.8 | 7.3 | ± 4.1 |
1991–2022 | 16.5 | ± 0.88 | 734.2 | ± 160.3 | 1450.2 | ± 161.4 | 2013.7 | ± 215.1 | 25.4 | ± 16.0 |
1991–2000 | 16.0 | ± 0.77 | 778.3 | ± 135.4 | 1374.4 | ± 127.2 | 1901.2 | ± 154.6 | 15.5 | ± 10.5 |
2001–2010 | 16.4 | ± 0.50 | 772.2 | ± 156.8 | 1443.4 | ± 122.8 | 1971.0 | ± 171.1 | 22.9 | ± 12.8 |
2011–2022 | 17.0 | ± 0.51 | 665.8 | ± 207.7 | 1538.9 | ± 90.0 | 2143.1 | ± 181.5 | 35.8 | ± 16.8 |
ČRNOMELJ ** | ||||||||||
1952–2022 | 16.3 | ± 1.03 | 802.6 | ± 165.5 | 1419.6 | ± 208.2 | 1984.6 | ± 208.7 | 22.2 | ± 13.9 |
1961–1990 | 15.6 | ± 0.60 | 793.9 | ± 181.8 | 1279.0 | ± 111.2 | 1834.5 | ± 127.3 | 12.9 | ± 7.2 |
1991–2022 | 17.1 | ± 1.07 | 789.5 | ± 205.5 | 1579.5 | ± 208.2 | 2137.8 | ± 223.8 | 30.5 | ± 15.5 |
1991–2000 | 16.5 | ± 10.8 | 816.6 | ± 129.0 | 1467.3 | ± 191.1 | 2003.5 | ± 189.6 | 17.9 | ± 11.9 |
2001–2010 | 17.1 | ± 059 | 781.9 | ± 153.7 | 1581.1 | ± 137.8 | 2133.7 | ± 172.6 | 30.8 | ± 11.8 |
2011–2022 | 17.7 | ± 0.58 | 773.3 | ± 323.8 | 1696.1 | ± 115.2 | 2253.3 | ± 133.8 | 40.7 | ± 11.1 |
BILJE *** | ||||||||||
1952–2022 | 17.5 | ± 0.93 | 869.6 | ± 209.0 | 1631.3 | ± 190.8 | 2196.7 | ± 187.8 | 31.0 | ± 15.5 |
1961–1990 | 16.8 | ± 0.66 | 890.4 | ± 194.8 | 1479.0 | ± 133.9 | 2062.3 | ± 121.0 | 22.0 | ± 8.0 |
1991–2022 | 18.2 | ± 0.98 | 842.7 | ± 218.0 | 1753.2 | ± 199.0 | 2327.0 | ± 200.9 | 41.2 | ± 16.9 |
1991–2000 | 17.6 | ± 0.60 | 1026.9 | ± 220.2 | 1648.0 | ± 116.2 | 2190.6 | ± 123.3 | 29.6 | ± 9.8 |
2001–2010 | 18.1 | ± 0.47 | 758.4 | ± 219.4 | 1752.0 | ± 116.0 | 2313.9 | ± 162.3 | 38.6 | ± 14.6 |
2011–2022 | 18.7 | ± 0.64 | 759.3 | ± 195.5 | 1877.3 | ± 126.3 | 2451.5 | ± 118.3 | 53.1 | ± 14.6 |
KOPER *** | ||||||||||
1952–2022 | 18.6 | ± 0.86 | 612.7 | ± 152.4 | 1854.6 | ± 181.4 | 2227.4 | ± 236.3 | 22.2 | ± 20.7 |
1961–1990 | 18.3 | ± 0.60 | 653.8 | ± 165.7 | 1794.1 | ± 125.1 | 2068.3 | ± 138.3 | 8.2 | ± 7.9 |
1991–2022 | 18.9 | ± 0.99 | 573.5 | ± 155.6 | 1904.7 | ± 205.4 | 2399.6 | ± 260.2 | 38.2 | ± 23.3 |
1991–2000 | 18.2 | ± 0.62 | 598.8 | ± 126.3 | 1774.5 | ± 124.2 | 2225.7 | ± 144.2 | 22.8 | ± 13.7 |
2001–2010 | 18.6 | ± 0.50 | 574.7 | ± 171.8 | 1854.1 | ± 112.4 | 2343.1 | ± 144.4 | 33.7 | ± 14.8 |
2011–2022 | 19.9 | ± 1.07 | 551.4 | ± 147.7 | 2115.1 | ± 221.2 | 2591.7 | ± 204.3 | 54.8 | ± 19.1 |
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Vršič, S.; Pulko, B.; Perko, A. Structure and Trends in Climate Parameters of Wine-Growing Regions in Slovenia. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 854. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080854
Vršič S, Pulko B, Perko A. Structure and Trends in Climate Parameters of Wine-Growing Regions in Slovenia. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(8):854. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080854
Chicago/Turabian StyleVršič, Stanko, Borut Pulko, and Andrej Perko. 2024. "Structure and Trends in Climate Parameters of Wine-Growing Regions in Slovenia" Horticulturae 10, no. 8: 854. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080854