Biogeography, Conservation Status, and Traditional Uses of Zingiberaceae in Saraburi Province, Thailand, with Kaempferia chaveerachiae sp. nov.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Diversity Study and Plant Materials
2.3. Study on Distribution of the Ginger Plants in Saraburi
2.4. Ecology Study
2.5. Phenology Study
2.6. Traditional Use
2.7. Conservation Status
2.8. Statistical Analysis
2.8.1. Jaccard’s Similarity Index
2.8.2. The District Endemism Index for Thailand’s Endemic Plant Species
3. Results
3.1. Diversity
3.2. Distribution
4. The Endemism of Zingiberaceae in Saraburi Province
5. The Ecology of Zingiberaceae Plant Habitat in Saraburi Province
6. The Flowering and Fruiting Periods of Zingiberaceae Plants in Saraburi Province
7. The Conservation Status of Wild Species of Zingiberaceae Plants in Saraburi Province
8. The Traditional Uses of Zingiberaceae in Saraburi Province
8.1. Used as Food
8.2. Used as Spices
8.3. Used as Herbal Medicine
8.4. Used for Ornamental Purposes
8.5. Used as Cut Flower
8.6. Used for Commercial Cultivation
8.7. Used as Cosmetics
8.8. Used in Rituals and Various Socio-Religious Activities
9. Discovery of a New Species to Science
9.1. Taxonomic Treatments
Kaempferia chaveerachiae Saensouk, P.Saensouk & Boonma sp. nov. (Figure 18 and Figure 19, Table 2)
10. Discussion
11. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Species | Vernacular Name | Distribution Status for Thailand | Distribution Status in Each District of Saraburi Province | Ecology | Phenology | Utilization | Conservation Status for Wild Species in Saraburi | Voucher Specimens: T. Boonma | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mueang Saraburi | Kaeng Khoi | Nong Khae | Wihan Daeng | Nong Saeng | Ban Mo | Don Phut | Nong Don | Phra Phutthabat | Sao Hai | Muak Lek | Wang Muang | Chaloem Phra Kiat | Forest Type | Geology | Flowering | Fruiting | Purposes | Used Parts | ||||||
1 | Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. | Kha | Native | Both | Both | Both | Both | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Cult | Cult | Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 4–9 | 7–10 | Fd, Ss, Mc, Cs | Ro, Rh, Pd, Le, Fl, Fr | LC | SB0001 |
2 | Alpinia laosensis Gagnep. | Kha Ling | Native | – | Both | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg | UVR | 5–8 | 6–10 | Fd, Ss, Mc | Ro, Rh, Pd, Le, Fl, Fr | LC | SB0002 |
3 | Alpinia macroura K.Schum. | Kha Pa | Native | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Evg | UVR | 3–6 | 5–10 | – | – | LC | SB0003 |
4 | Alpinia mutica Roxb. | Wan Saneh Haa | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 3–6 | 5–10 | Mc, RS, Ot | Rh, Wh | SB0004 | |||
5 | Alpinia oxymitra K.Schum. | Laow | Native | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg, Evg | LSA, UVR | 2–5 | 5–9 | Fd, Mc | Ro, Pd, Le, Fl, Fr | LC | SB0005 |
6 | Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K.Schum. | Kha Daeng (red bracts), Kha Chomphoo (pink) | Introduced Introduced | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | Cult Cult | 1–12 1–12 | Not seen Not seen | Fw, Cs, Ot Fw, Cs, Ot | Fl, Wh Fl, Wh | SB0006-1 SB0006-2 | |||
7 | Alpinia siamensis K.Schum. | Kha Ta Daeng | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 5–8 | 7–11 | Fd, Ss, Mc, Cs | Rh, Pd, Le, Fl | SB0007 | |||
8 | Alpinia vittata W.Bull | Kha Daang | Introduced | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 6–8 | 7–9 | Mc, Cs, RS, Ot | Rh, Wh | SB0008 | |||
9 | Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm. | Kha Dang Bai Yai | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 3–6 | 6–8 | Mc, Cs, Ot | Rh, Pd, Le, Wh | SB0009 | |||
10 | Amomum foetidum Boonma & Saensouk | Mang Khang | N-EDM | – | Cult | Cult | Cult | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | 1–3 | Not seen | Ss | Wh | SB0010 | |||
11 | Amomum repoeense Pierre ex Gagnep. | Pud Pa | Native | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg, Evg | UVR | 4–7 | 6–9 | – | – | LC | SB0011 |
12 | Amomum wandokthong (Picheans. & Yupparach) Škorničk. & Hlavatá | Wan Maha Saneh | P-EDM | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 4–11 | Not seen | RS, Ot | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0012 | |||
13 | Boesenbergia collinsii Mood & L.M.Prince | Wan Preaw | N-EDM | Wild | Wild | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg | LSA, UVR | 7–11 | Not seen | RS | Rh, Fl, Wh | VU | SB0013 |
14 | Boesenbergia maxwellii Mood, L.M.Prince & Triboun | Krachai Maxwell, Wan Kai Daeng | Native | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | 7–9 | Not seen | RS | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0014 | |||
15 | Boesenbergia parvula (Wall. ex Baker) Kuntze | Krachai Pa | Native | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Evg | UVR | 7–9 | 9–10 | – | – | VU | SB0015 |
16 | Boesenbergia petiolata Sirirugsa | Chao Phan | Native | Wild | Wild | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Wild | Wild | – | Dvg, Evg | LSA, UVR | 7–10 | 8–11 | RS | Wh | LC | SB0016 |
17 | Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. | Krachai | Native | Both | Both | Both | Both | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Cult | Both | Both | Both | Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 9–10 | Fd, Ss, Mc, Cs | Ro, Rh, Pd, Le, Wh | LC | SB0017 |
18 | Boesenbergia thorelii (Gagnep.) Loes. | Wan Phetchaglab | Native | Both | Both | Both | Both | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | Both | – | – | Dvg | UVR | 7–9 | Not seen | RS | Rh, Fl, Wh | LC | SB0018 |
19 | Conamomum pierreanum (Gagnep.) Škorničk. & A.D.Poulsen | Krawan Pa | Native | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg, Evg | UVR | 3–6 | Not seen | – | – | LC | SB0019 |
20 | Cornukaempferia argentifolia Boonma & Saensouk | Proh Thong Bai Ngern | R-EDM | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | 7–8 | 8–9 | Ot | Wh | SB0020 | |||
21 | Cornukaempferia aurantiiflora Mood & K.Larsen | Proh Thong | N-EDM | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | 7–8 | 8–9 | Ot | Wh | SB0021 | |||
22 | Cornukaempferia kamolwaniae Picheans. | Proh Thong Kamolwan | R-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | 7–8 | 8–9 | Ot | Wh | SB0022 | |||
23 | Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. | Wan Maha Mek | Native | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Cult | Cult | – | 3–6 | Not seen | Fd, Mc, RS | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0023 | |||
24 | Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. | Pathumma, Krachiao | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Cs, Ot | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0024 | |||
25 | Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. | Krachiao Daeng | Native | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | Wild | – | – | Dcf | LSA | 3–9 | 5–10 | Fd, Cs | Rh, Fl, Wh | LC | SB0025 |
26 | Curcuma charanii Boonma & Saensouk | Khachiao Lop Buri | P-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | SB0026 | |||
27 | Curcuma harmandii Gagnep. | Chor Morrakot | Native | Wild | Both | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Wild | Cult | – | Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | LC | SB0027 |
28 | Curcuma longa L. | Khamin Chan | Introduced | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fd, Ss, Mc, Fw, Cs, Co | Ro, Rh, Fl | SB0028 | |||
29 | Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp | Wan Muang, Khamin Khaow | Introduced | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 3–5 | 5–6 | Fd, Ss, Mc, Cs | Rh, Fl | SB0029 | |||
30 | Curcuma micrantha Škorničk. & Soonthornk. | Krachiao Chocolate | R-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | SB0030 | |||
31 | Curcuma myanmarensis (W.J.Kress) Škorničk. | Krachiao Phama | Introduced | – | Cult | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | Not seen | Fw, Ot | Fl, Wh | SB0031 | |||
32 | Curcuma parviflora Wall. | Krachiao Khaow, Wan Thep Rum Luek | Native | Cult | Both | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Both | Cult | Dvg | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr, Ot | Wh | LC | SB0032 |
33 | Curcuma petiolata Roxb. | Bua Chan, Wan Thep Prachumporn | Native | Both | Both | Both | Both | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Cult | Wild | Both | Cult | Dvg | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Rr, Ot | Fl, Wh | LC | SB0033 |
34 | Curcuma phrayawan Boonma & Saensouk | Phra Ya Wan | N-EDM | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Mc, Rr | Rh, Wh | SB0034 | |||
35 | Curcuma pierreana Gagnep. | Maha Udom Daeng | Native | – | Cult | Cult | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0035 | |||
36 | Curcuma puangpeniae Boonma & Saensouk | Krachiao Phuangpen, Wan Thep Rak Sa | N-EDM | – | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | – | – | – | Cult | – | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr, Ot | Fl, Wh | SB0036 | |||
37 | Curcuma putii Maknoi & Jenjitt. | Um Nong, Krachiao Lueng | N-EDM | – | Cult | Cult | – | Cult | Cult | – | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr, Ot | Wh | SB0037 | |||
38 | Curcuma rangjued Saensouk & Boonma | Rang Jued, Wan Rang Jued | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Mc | Rh | SB0038 | |||
39 | Curcuma rangsimae Boonma & Saensouk | Bussarakham, Maha Udom Saraburi | N-EDM | Both | Both | Both | Wild | – | – | – | – | Both | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr | Fl, Wh | EN: C2a(i,ii), D1 | SB0039 |
40 | Curcuma rhabdota Sirirugsa & M.F.Newman | Bua Lai Ubon | Native | Cult | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Ot | Fl, Wh | SB0040 | |||
41 | Curcuma roscoeana Wall. | Krachiao Som | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Ot | Fl, Wh | SB0041 | |||
42 | Curcuma rosea P.Saensouk, Saensouk & Boonma | Wan Umawadi, Khachiao Uthai | P-EDM | Cult | Cult | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0042 | |||
43 | Curcuma rubescens Roxb. | Wan Maha Prab | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 3–5 | 4–7 | Mc, Rr, Ot | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0043 | |||
44 | Curcuma rubrobracteata Škorničk., M.Sabu & Prasanthk. | Wan Ngu Hao | Native | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr | Fl, Wh | SB0044 | |||
45 | Curcuma sabhasrii Saensouk, Maknoi, Wongnak & Rakarcha | Wan Din Sor Pichai | R-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr | Fl, Wh | SB0045 | |||
46 | Curcuma saraburiensis Boonma & Saensouk | Saraburi Rum Luek, Wan Klom Nang Non | L-EDM | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | Both | – | Cult | Cult | Cult | Mix | LSA | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Rr, Ot | Fl, Wh | CR: C2a(i,ii), D1 | SB0046 |
47 | Curcuma singularis Gagnep. | Krachiao Khaow, Dok Din | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Cult | Both | Cult | Cult | Dcf | LSA | 3–6 | 5–7 | Fd, Rr | Fl, Wh | LC | SB0047 |
48 | Curcuma supraneeana (W.J.Kress & K.Larsen) Škorničk. | Krachiao Supranee, Wan Khao Phan Sa | R-EDM | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Lcf | LSA, CRD | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Rr, Ot | Fl, Wh | CR: C2a(i,ii), D1 | SB0048 |
49 | Curcuma suraponii Boonma | Wan Krabi Thong | R-EDM | – | Cult | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | 7–9 | Not seen | Rr, Ot | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0049 | |||
50 | Curcuma thorelii Gagnep. | Krachiao Khaow Pak Muang | Native | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Both | Cult | – | Mix | LSA | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Rr, Ot | Fl, Wh | LC | SB0050 |
51 | Curcuma wanenlueanga Saensouk, Thomudtha & Boonma | Wan Enlueang | N-EDM | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Mc, Rr | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0051 | |||
52 | Etlingera araneosa (Baker) R.M. Sm. | Pud Daeng | Native | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg, Evg | UVR | 3–5 | 4–6 | Fd, Ss | Rh, Pd, Fl | LC | SB0052 |
53 | Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. - var. elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. - var. alba Tohdam & C.K.Lim - var. pileng Ongsakul & C.K.Lim | Dalah - Dalah Chomphoo - Dalah Khaow - Dalah Daeng | Native Native Native Native | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | Cult Cult Cult | 1–12 1–12 6–10 | 1–12 7–11 Not Seen | Fd, Fw, Ot, Cs Fw, Ot, Cs Fd, Ot, Cs | Fl, Wh Fl, Wh Fl, Wh | SB0053-1 SB0053-2 SB0053-3 | |||
54 | Gagnepainia godefroyi (Baill.) K.Schum | Wan Phet Na Thang | Native | Cult | Cult | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Cult | Cult | Cult | 4–6 | Not Seen | Rr, Ot | Rh, Wh | SB0054 | |||
55 | Gagnepainia harmandii (Baill.) K.Schum | Wan Morrakot | Native | Both | Both | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | Both | – | Both | Both | Both | Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 4–6 | Not Seen | Rr, Ot | Rh, Fl, Wh | VU | SB0055 |
56 | Globba bicolor Gagnep. | Hong Song Si | Native | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Wild | Cult | – | Dcf, Mix | LSA | 7–9 | Not Seen | Fw, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | LC | SB0056 |
57 | Globba candida Gagnep. | Chor Khaow | Native | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Both | – | Wild | Cult | – | Dcf, Mix | LSA | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | VU | SB0057 |
58 | Globba chrysochila Sangvir. & M.F.Newman | Dok Khao Phan Sa | N-EDM | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | Wild | Cult | Dcf, Mix | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | VU | SB0058 |
59 | Globba colpicola K.Schum. | Puang Thong | N-EDM | Cult | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | Both | – | – | Cult | Cult | Dcf, Mix | LSA | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Cs, Ot, Rr | Rh, Fl, Wh | VU | SB0059 |
60 | Globba geoffrayi Gagnep. | Wan Thong | Native | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg | UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | VU | SB0060 |
61 | Globba hilaris Sangvir. | Hong Hern Puang Khaow | Native | Wild | Both | Wild | Both | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Wild | Cult | Cult | Dcf, Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Cs, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | VU | SB0061 |
62 | Globba laeta K.Larsen | Khao Phan Sa Khaow Mae Sariang | Native | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | SB0062 | |||
63 | Globba marantina L. | Khao Phan Sa Phum Khao Bin | Native | – | Both | – | – | – | – | – | – | Both | – | Both | Both | Both | Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | LC | SB0063 |
64 | Globba obscura K.Larsen | Khao Phan Sa Khao Yai | N-EDM | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | Cult | Dvg | UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Cs, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | VU | SB0064 |
65 | Globba rosea Gagnep. | Khao Phan Sa | Native | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Cs, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | SB0065 | |||
66 | Globba schomburgkii Hook.f. | Khao Phan Sa | Native | Both | Both | Both | Both | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Cult | Cult | Dcf, Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Cs, Ot, Rr, Co | Fl, Rh, Wh | LC | SB0066 |
67 | Globba sherwoodiana W.J.Kress & V.Gowda | Khao Phan Sa Khaow Phama | Native | Cult | Cult | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Cs, Ot, Rr | Fl, Rh, Wh | SB0067 | |||
68 | Globba thorelii Gagnep. | Hong Hern, Khao Phan Sa | Native | Wild | Wild | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Cs, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | LC | SB0068 |
69 | Globba williamsiana M.F.Newman & Sangvir. | Dok Khao Phan Sa | N-EDM | Both | Both | Both | Both | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Cult | Cult | Dcf, Dvg | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Cs, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | VU | SB0069 |
70 | Globba xantholeuca Craib | Hong Hern, Khao Phan Sa | N-EDM | Wild | Wild | Wild | Wild | – | Cult | – | – | Wild | – | Wild | Wild | Wild | Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fw, Ot, Rr | Fl, Wh | LC | SB0070 |
71 | Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig | Maha Hong Khaow | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot, Rr | Wh | SB0071 | |||
72 | Hedychium longicornutum Griff. ex Baker | Pud Duean | Native | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | SB0072 | |||
73 | Kaempferia angustifolia Roxb. | Wan Prab Sa Mut | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Cs, Mc, Rr | Rh, Wh | SB0073 | |||
74 | Kaempferia chaveerachiae Saensouk, P.Saensouk & Boonma [ sp. nov. ] | Proh Ajarn Mham | L-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | Dcf | LSA | 5–7 | 6–8 | – | – | CR B2ab(iii), D1 | SB0074 |
75 | Kaempferia elegans Wall. | Wan Nok Khum | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Cs, Rr, Ot | Rh, Wh | SB0075 | |||
76 | Kaempferia galanga L. | Proh Hom | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Cs, Mc | Rh, Pd, Le, Fl, Wh | SB0076 | |||
77 | Kaempferia gilbertii W.Bull | Wan Maha Ni Yom | Introduced | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Cs, Rr, Ot | Wh | SB0077 | |||
78 | Kaempferia larsenii Sirirugsa | Proh Ra Sri | R-EDM | – | Cult | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | Cult | Cult | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0078 | |||
79 | Kaempferia lopburiensis Picheans. | Proh Bai Yai | N-EDM | – | Wild | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Wild | – | Wild | Wild | Wild | Dcf, Dvg | LSA | 3–5 | 5–6 | Ot | Wh | EN: C2a(i,ii), D1 | SB0079 |
80 | Kaempferia maculifolia Boonma & Saensouk | Proh Bai Lai Jut | N-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr, Ot | Wh | SB0080 | |||
81 | Kaempferia marginata Carey ex Roscoe | Proh, Toob Moob | Native | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | Wild | – | Wild | Wild | Wild | Dcf, Lcf | LSA, CRD | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fd, Mc | Rh, Le | LC | SB0081 |
82 | Kaempferia napavarniae Saensouk, P.Saensouk & Boonma | Proh Napavarn | N-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr, Ot | Wh | SB0082 | |||
83 | Kaempferia nigrifolia Boonma & Saensouk | Nillakan, Proh Bai Dam | N-EDM | Wild | Both | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Dvg, Mix | UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fd, Rr, Ot | Le, Wh | VU | SB0083 |
84 | Kaempferia pardi K. Larsen & Jenjitt. | Proh Suea Dao | N-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | SB0084 | |||
85 | Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker | Kra Chai Dam | Native | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Mc, Cs, Rr, Co | Rh, Wh | SB0085 | |||
86 | Kaempferia rotunda L. | Thip Pha Ya Net | Native | Both | Both | Both | Both | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Cult | Both | Both | Both | Dcf, Dvg, Mix | LSA, UVR | 3–5 | 5–6 | Mc, Cs, Rr, Ot | Rh, Le, Fl, Wh | VU | SB0086 |
87 | Kaempferia sakonensis Saensouk, P.Saensouk & Boonma | Proh Sakon, Wan Kai Kuk | P-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Rr | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0087 | |||
88 | Kaempferia saraburiensis Picheans. | Proh Saraburi | R-EDM | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Wild | – | – | – | Wild | Mix | LSA | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | CR: C2a(i,ii), D1 | SB0088 |
89 | Kaempferia simaoensis Y.Y.Qian | Wan Haow Norn | Native | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | 3–5 | 5–6 | Ot | Wh | SB0089 | |||
90 | Kaempferia takensis Boonma & Saensouk | Proh Mueang Tak, Phra Ya Nok Khum | N-EDM | Cult | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | Cult | 3–5 | 5–6 | Ot, Rr | Wh | SB0090 | |||
91 | Meistera koenigii (J.F.Gmel.) Škorničk. & M.F.Newman | Reo Puang A-Ngun | Native | – | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Dcf | UVR | 4–6 | 5–7 | – | – | LC | SB0091 |
92 | Meistera tomrey (Gagnep.) Škorničk. & M.F.Newman | Reo | Native | Wild | Wild | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | – | Dcf | UVR | 3–6 | 5–7 | – | – | LC | SB0092 |
93 | Wurfbainia uliginosa (J.Koenig) Giseke | Kra Wan Pa | Native | Wild | Wild | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | Wild | – | Dcf | UVR | 4–7 | 5–8 | Ss, Mc | Ro, Le, Fl, Fr | LC | SB0093 |
94 | Zingiber brachystachys Triboun & K.Larsen | Khing Phra Phutthabat | N-EDM | – | Both | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | – | Wild | Wild | Wild | Dcf | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | EN: C2a(i,ii), D1 | SB0094 |
95 | Zingiber niveum Mood & Theilade | Khing Khaow | Native | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | SB0095 | |||
96 | Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Khing | Introduced | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Fd, Ss, Mc, Cs, Co | Ro, Rh, Pd, Le, Fl | SB0096 | |||
97 | Zingiber ottensii Valeton | Plai Dam | Introduced | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 7–9 | 8–10 | Mc, Cs, Rr, Ot | Rh, Fl, Wh | SB0097 | |||
98 | Zingiber parishii Hook.f. | Wan Hom | Native | Wild | Both | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Dcf | UVR | 5–7 | Not seen | Ot | Wh | LC | SB0098 |
99 | Zingiber pellitum Gagnep. | Khing Cha Nee | Native | Wild | Wild | Wild | Wild | – | Cult | – | – | Cult | – | Wild | – | – | Dcf | UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | VU | SB0099 |
100 | Zingiber purpureum Roscoe | Plai, Plai Lueang | Introduced | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | 6–8 | 7–10 | Mc, Cs, Rr, Co | Ro, Rh, Pd, Le, Fl, Wh | SB0100 | |||
101 | Zingiber pyroglossum Triboun & K.Larsen | Khing Kra Tai Yai | Native | – | Cult | – | Cult | – | – | – | – | Cult | – | Wild | – | – | Dcf | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 8–10 | Ot | Wh | VU | SB0101 |
102 | Zingiber thorelii Gagnep. | Dok Din, Ta Kha Pa | Native | Wild | Wild | Wild | Wild | – | – | – | – | – | – | Wild | Wild | – | Dcf | LSA, UVR | 7–9 | 9–10 | Fd | Fl | VU | SB0102 |
103 | Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. | Kra Tue | Native | Both | Both | Both | Both | Cult | Cult | Cult | Cult | Both | Cult | Wild | Both | Both | Mix | LSA, UVR | 5–8 | 7–10 | Fd, Mc, Cs, Rr | Rh, Pd, Le, Fl, Wh | LC | SB0103 |
Characters | Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker [21,22] | Kaempferia chaveerachiae (Present Study) |
---|---|---|
Rhizome | Moniliform, dark purple to brown | Sympodial, yellow |
Leafy shoot | 6–40 cm tall, leaves erect | 4–5 cm tall, leaf horizontal near the ground |
Number of leaves at anthesis | Single to several leaves | Only single leaf |
Leaf sheath | c. 6 cm long, green with red tinge, margin pale purple | up to 2 cm long, white to very pale green, margin pale green |
Petiole | Up to 20 cm long | 2–3 cm long |
Lamina | 7–20 × 4–10 cm, base subcordate, midrib green or with reddish tinge, margin red, upper surface glabrous, green with purple mottling or dull red, sometimes with spectacular variegation on the adaxial surface, abaxial surface green with purple mottling or dull red | 9–16 × 5–8 cm, base cordate, midrib green, margin pale green with white hyaline, upper surface pubescent, green with varying degrees of dark green to almost black patterns on the adaxial surface, abaxial surface pale green |
Inflorescence | 3.0–5.0 cm long, 1.0–2.0 cm in diameter, two outermost bracts (similar in size) form an involucrate structure resembling those found in the former Stahlianthus genus | 5.0–5.6 cm long, 0.75–0.82 cm in diameter, one outermost bract (largest bract) is tightly rolled into a slender, inverted, conical tube, with only a small hole through which the flower can emerge for blooming |
Peduncle | 3–10 cm long | 2–3 cm long |
Bract | Outward reflexed tip | Not reflexed tip |
Bracteole | 0.6–1.2 × 0.1–0.2 cm, apex rounded | 1.4–2.7 × 0.3–0.5 cm, apex acute |
Flower | 15–25 in number, blooming 1–2 flowers at a time | 5–8 in number, blooming a single flower at a time |
Calyx | 1.8–2.2 cm long | 2.5–3.0 cm long |
Floral tube | 3.0–4.0 cm long | 4.5–4.9 cm long |
Dorsal corolla lobe | 1.0–1.3 × 0.25–0.3 cm | 1.8–2.0 × 0.2–0.25 cm |
Labellum | 1.2–1.5 × 0.7–0.9 cm, emarginate, each lobe acute, purple with white margin | 1.5–1.6 × 1.2–1.3 cm, emarginate, each lobe retuse, purple gradually pales towards the distal part, with white at the base and extending along the mid lobe for about 1/3 of its length |
Lateral staminodes | 1.0–1.3 × 0.2–0.3 cm, apex acute to rounded | 1.6–1.7 × 0.3–0.4 cm, apex acute |
Filament | 0.4–0.5 mm long, c. 0.6 mm width | 0.55–0.6 mm long, c. 0.7 mm width |
Anther thecae | c. 2.15 mm long | c. 2.4 mm long |
Anther crest | Suborbicular, c. 1.1 × 1.8 mm, apex entire or emarginate | broadly orbiculate, c. 1.3 × 2.0 mm, apex subacute to rounded |
Ovary | c. 2 × 1 mm | 3.5–4 × 1.5–2.0 mm |
Stigma | Cup-shaped, not flattened, c. 0.6 mm length, c. 0.6 mm width, c. 0.5 mm thick, white | Fan-shaped, and flattened, c. 0.9 mm length, c. 0.8 mm width, c. 0.2 mm thick, yellow |
Fruits | Oblong, c. 15 × 10 mm, purple | Ellipsoid, 14.6–16.5 × 5–6 mm, pale green, gradually paler at the base |
Seeds | Brown | Very pale brown with dark brown patterns |
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Boonma, T.; Saensouk, S.; Saensouk, P. Biogeography, Conservation Status, and Traditional Uses of Zingiberaceae in Saraburi Province, Thailand, with Kaempferia chaveerachiae sp. nov. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090934
Boonma T, Saensouk S, Saensouk P. Biogeography, Conservation Status, and Traditional Uses of Zingiberaceae in Saraburi Province, Thailand, with Kaempferia chaveerachiae sp. nov. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(9):934. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090934
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoonma, Thawatphong, Surapon Saensouk, and Piyaporn Saensouk. 2024. "Biogeography, Conservation Status, and Traditional Uses of Zingiberaceae in Saraburi Province, Thailand, with Kaempferia chaveerachiae sp. nov." Horticulturae 10, no. 9: 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10090934