Nutritional Characterization and Storage Ability of Salicornia ramosissima and Sarcocornia perennis for Fresh Vegetable Salads
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Treatments
2.2. Determination of Minerals
2.3. Biochemical Composition Determination
2.4. Color Determination
2.5. Microbiological Analysis
2.6. Extraction of Phenols
2.7. Determination of Different Phenolic Classes
Determination of Total Phenols by Folin–Ciocalteau Method
2.8. Ascorbic Acid and Chlorophyll Content
2.9. Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)
2.10. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC)
2.11. Sensory Panel
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Plant Species Charahterization
3.1.1. Mineral Composition
3.1.2. Biochemical Composition
3.2. Quality Parameters Evolution Through Storage at Two Harvest Seazons
3.2.1. Color Parameters
3.2.2. Phenolics
3.2.3. Microbial Contamination
3.2.4. Sensorial Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Units (DW) | Sarcocornia | Salicornia | Significance Level z |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sodium (Na) | g·100 g−1 | 16.00 ± 0.12 | 17.44 ± 0.24 | n s. |
Potassium (K) | g·100 g−1 | 1.11 ± 0.024 | 1.06 ± 0.051 | n s. |
Magnesium(Mg) | mg·100 g−1 | 498.70 ± 0.09 | 499.01 ± 0.62 | n s. |
Calcium (Ca) | mg·100 g−1 | 310.11 ± 0.65 | 271.43 ± 7.36 | 0.006 |
Phosphorus (p) | mg·100 g−1 | 220.01 ± 2.06 | 230.91 ± 3.81 | n s. |
Iron (Fe) | mg·100 g−1 | 35.11 ± 2.49 | 19.67 ± 2.09 | 0.001 |
Zinc (Zn) | mg·100 g−1 | 2.12 ± 0.16 | 3.39 ± 0.52 | 0.005 |
Copper (Cu) | mg·100 g−1 | 1.17 ± 0.10 | 1.31 ± 0.15 | n s. |
Lead (Pb) | mg·100 g-1 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | n s. |
Cadmium (Cd) | mg·100 g-1 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | n s. |
Biochemical Composition | Units (FW) | Sarcocornia | Salicornia | Significance Level z |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorophyll | mg·100 g−1 | 24.96 ± 4.11 | 27.63 ± 4.48 | n.s. |
β-carotene | mg·100 g−1 | 5.00 ± 0.50 | 6.53 ± 0.68 | 0.018 |
Ascorbic acid | mg·100 g−1 | 6.80 ± 0.70 | 8.60 ± 1.04 | n.s. |
Crude protein | g·100 g−1 | 1.28 ± 0.06 | 1.44 ± 0.08 | 0.038 |
Sarcocornia | Salicornia | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | May | July | May | July |
At harvest | ||||
Color L * | 31.0 ± 0.4 bBz | 30.0 ± 1.5 bA | 37.4 ± 1.6 aB | 32.9 ± 2.2 bA |
Hue * | 117.1 ± 1.8 bA | 123.2 ± 1.0 aA | 116.0 ± 0.2 bA | 123.2 ± 0.9 aA |
Chroma * | 20.6 ± 0.7 bA | 17.3 ± 1.0 cdA | 25.3 ± 0.6 aA | 19.3 ± 1.6 bcA |
After 14 days | ||||
Color L * | 34.9 ± 2.1 aA | 30.83 ± 1.1 bA | 33.60 ± 1.3 aA | 30.44 ± 0.8 bA |
Hue * | 119.2 ± 1.9 aA | 118.93 ± 1.9 aB | 118.8 ± 0.5 aA | 120.56 ± 0.7 aB |
Chroma * | 21.2 ± 0.6 aA | 19.15 ± 1.2 bA | 21.66 ± 0.3 aB | 18.56 ± 0.4 bA |
Sarcocornia | Salicornia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Units (DW) | May | July | May | July |
At harvest | |||||
Phenolics (λ = 280 nm) | mg·100 g−1 | 1319.0 ± 61.0 bB z | 1060.2 ± 26.9 cB | 1514.7 ± 95.9 aA | 904.2 ± 46.0 dA |
Flavonoids (λ = 360 nm) | mg·100 g−1 | 305.0 ± 20.8 cB | 211.3 ± 11.3 dB | 513.6 ± 43.0 bA | 658.4 ± 22.5 aA |
Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (λ = 320 nm) | mg·100 g−1 | 366.7 ± 71.8 bB | 120.4 ± 8.7 dB | 531.4 ± 65.4 aA | 221.1 ± 12.3 cA |
Phenolics (Folin–Ciocalteau) | mg GAE·100 g−1 | 3274.4 ± 501.3 bA | 2558.6 ± 434.5 bcB | 2457.1 ± 137.0 cB | 4107.7 ± 56.2 aA |
TEAC | mM Trolox·100 g−1 | 0.99 ± 0.06 bB | 0.44 ± 0.01 cB | 1.90 ± 0.13 aA | 0.37 ± 0.01 dB |
ORAC | mM Trolox·100 g−1 | 6.89 ± 0.73 bB | 3.23 ± 0.18 cB | 15.97 ± 0.23 aA | 2.74 ± 0.05 dA |
After 14 days | |||||
Phenolics (λ = 280 nm) | mg·100 g−1 | 1509.2 ± 63.3 aA | 1475.6 ± 113 abA | 1341.7 ± 56.7 bA | 771.5 ± 52.5 cA |
Flavonoids (λ = 360 nm) | mg·100 g−1 | 512.7 ± 17.1 aA | 479.2 ± 55.3 abA | 472.2 ± 16.5 bA | 231.6 ± 20.6 cB |
Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (λ = 320 nm) | mg·100 g−1 | 537.6 ± 26.6 aA | 417.5 ± 51.3 bA | 373.0 ± 18.0 bB | 211.7 ± 15.4 cA |
Phenolics (Folin–Ciocalteau) | mg GAE·100 g−1 | 3384.2 ± 49.0 bA | 3561.8 ± 25.0 bA | 5074.1 ± 288.2 aA | 3299.5 ± 44.1 bB |
TEAC | mM Trolox·100 g−1 | 2.54 ± 0.40 aA | 0.75 ± 0.08 cA | 0.93 ± 0.07 bB | 0.77 ± 0.08 cA |
ORAC | mM Trolox·100 g −1 | 8.84 ± 1.15 abA | 9.06 ± 0.43 aA | 9.55 ± 0.29 aB | 2.84 ± 0.41 cA |
Sarcocornia | Salicornia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Units (DW) | May | July | May | July |
At harvest | |||||
Yeast and Molds Psycrotrophic Bacteria | Log10(CFU·g−1) Log10(CFU·g−1) | 2.74 ± 0.07 bA z ND | 0.67 ± 0.40 cB ND B | 2.82 ± 0.12 bA ND | 3.21 ± 0.09 aA ND B |
After 14 days | |||||
Yeast and Molds Psycrotrophic Bacteria | Log10(CFU·g−1) Log10(CFU·g−1) | 2.30 ± 0.17 dA ND | 2.64 ± 0.12 cA 3.96 ± 0.13 aA | 3.92 ± 0.14 aA ND | 3.58 ± 0.07 bA 4.29 ± 0.31 A |
Sarcocornia | Salicornia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Days | May | July | May | July |
Appearance | 0 14 | 3.55 abA z 3.25 bA | 3.70 aA 3.75 aA | 3.62 aA 3.61 aA | 3.25 bA 3.47 abA |
Color | 0 14 | 3.53 aA 3.28 abA | 3.80 aA 3.50 aA | 3.82 aA 3.55 aA | 3.00 bA 2.92 bA |
Saltiness | 0 14 | 3.45 aA 3.00 abA | 3.33 aA 3.50 aA | 3.27 abA 3.00 abA | 3.45 aA 2.92 bA |
Texture | 0 14 | 3.25 abA 3.12 abA | 3.27 aA 3.25 abA | 3.30 aA 3.44 aA | 3.45 aA 3.00 bA |
Succulence | 0 14 | 3.25 aA 3.47 aA | 3.53 aA 3.67 aA | 3.48 aA 3.28 aA | 3.35 aA 3.33 aA |
Aroma | 0 14 | 3.15 aA 3.18 aA | 3.13 aA 3.25 aA | 3.13 aA 3.00 aA | 3.20 aA 3.00 aA |
Taste | 0 14 | 3.10 bA 3.29 abA | 3.40 aA 3.15 abA | 3.30 aA 3.44 aA | 3.35 aA 3.50 aA |
Overall liking | 0 14 | 3.33 abA 3.23 abA | 3.45 aA 3.44 aA | 3.42 aA 3.33 abA | 3.29 abA 3.16 bA |
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Antunes, M.D.; Gago, C.; Guerreiro, A.; Sousa, A.R.; Julião, M.; Miguel, M.G.; Faleiro, M.L.; Panagopoulos, T. Nutritional Characterization and Storage Ability of Salicornia ramosissima and Sarcocornia perennis for Fresh Vegetable Salads. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7010006
Antunes MD, Gago C, Guerreiro A, Sousa AR, Julião M, Miguel MG, Faleiro ML, Panagopoulos T. Nutritional Characterization and Storage Ability of Salicornia ramosissima and Sarcocornia perennis for Fresh Vegetable Salads. Horticulturae. 2021; 7(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntunes, Maria Dulce, Custódia Gago, Adriana Guerreiro, Ana Rita Sousa, Miriam Julião, Maria Graça Miguel, Maria Leonor Faleiro, and Thomas Panagopoulos. 2021. "Nutritional Characterization and Storage Ability of Salicornia ramosissima and Sarcocornia perennis for Fresh Vegetable Salads" Horticulturae 7, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7010006