Effects of the Preceding Crop on Soil N Availability, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, and Fresh Pod Yield of Organically Grown Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Layout
2.3. Fresh Pod Yield and Yield Components
2.4. Soil and Plant Tissue Analysis
2.5. Root Nodulation
2.6. Plant Tissue Analysis and Biological Nitrogen Fixation
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Mineral and Total N Concentrations
3.2. Soil K Concentrations
3.3. Root Nodulation
3.4. Tissue K Concentration
3.5. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
3.6. Yield Components, Pod and Green Seed Yield
4. Discussion
4.1. Contribution of Legumes as Preceding Crops in Rotations
4.2. N Nutrition of Faba Bean and Its Impact on Yield
4.3. Soil and Plant Tissue Potassium
4.4. Root Nodulation
4.5. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
5. Conclusions
- Pea and faba bean as previous crops can increase nitrate concentrations in the soil before planting and at the early stages of the next crop as compared to cabbage as preceding crop, especially in organic farming systems;
- When faba bean is not affected by diseases, growing conventionally faba bean again after faba bean for a second year does not decrease yield compared to pea as preceding crop;
- In organic farming, faba bean cultivation after faba bean decreases the yield compared to rotating pea with faba bean, although the cultivation of faba bean after faba bean does not decrease its efficiency to biologically fix N2 compared to pea as preceding crop;
- Peas and faba beans could preferably be used in crop rotation schemes with vegetables (e.g., Brassicaceae) in organic farming systems.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EY 2015–2016 | EY 2016–2017 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BCE | FS | FHS | BCE | FS | FHS | |
Main effects | ||||||
Farming system | ||||||
Organic | 15.901 ± 0.31 a | 16.37 ± 0.24 a | 16.10 ± 0.03 a | 14.04 ± 0.16 b | 11.87 ± 0.14 b | 13.90 ± 0.25 b |
Conventional | 16.33 ± 0.27 a | 16.58 ± 0.21 a | 16.89 ± 0.28 a | 15.45 ± 0.15 a | 13.21 ± 0.13 a | 15.10 ± 0.18 a |
Preceding crop | ||||||
C-F | 14.91 ± 0.02 b | 16.48 ± 0.01 a | 15.20 ± 0.05 b | 13.94 ± 0.27 b | 12.06 ± 0.26 a | 13.57 ± 0.13 b |
P-F | 17.14 ± 0.09 a | 17.45 ± 0.02 a | 17.63 ± 0.06 a | 15.16 ± 0.21 a | 12.92 ± 0.25 a | 14.74 ± 0.07 a |
F-F | 16.29 ± 0.09 a | 15.48 ± 0.02 a | 16.65 ± 0.03 a | 15.14 ± 0.30 a | 12.64 ± 0.26 a | 15.20 ± 0.07 a |
Statistical significance | ||||||
Farming system (FS) | ns | ns | ns | *** | * | * |
Preceding crop (PC) | * | ns | * | ** | ns | * |
FS × PC | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Farming System | Preceding Crop | Total-N (%) 2015–2016 | Total-N (%) 2016–2017 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BCE | FHS | BCE | FHS | ||
Organic | C-F | 0.485 ± 0.001 c | 0.507 ± 0.001 | 0.522 ± 0.011 b | 0.514 ± 0.004 b |
P-F | 0.554 ± 0.010 b | 0.531 ± 0.011 | 0.563 ± 0.014 a | 0.543 ± 0.010 a | |
F-F | 0.592 ± 0.003 a | 0.546 ± 0.004 | 0.577 ± 0.015 a | 0.554 ± 0.006 a | |
Conventio-nal | C-F | 0.490 ± 0.003 c | 0.486 ± 0.011 | 0.487 ± 0.006 c | 0.479 ± 0.011 c |
P-F | 0.467 ± 0.001 c | 0.519 ± 0.010 | 0.514 ± 0.010 b | 0.504 ± 0.006 b | |
F-F | 0.480 ± 0.008 c | 0.527 ± 0.008 | 0.509 ± 0.008 b | 0.487 ± 0.003 c | |
Main effects | |||||
Organic | 0.544 ± 0.013 | 0.528 ± 0.006 a | 0.554 ± 0.010 | 0.537 ± 0.006 | |
Conventional | 0.479 ± 0.004 | 0.511 ± 0.007 a | 0.503 ± 0.005 | 0.490 ± 0.005 | |
C-F | 0.488 ± 0.002 | 0.497 ± 0.006 b | 0.505 ± 0.009 | 0.497 ± 0.008 | |
P-F | 0.511 ± 0.016 | 0.525 ± 0.007 a | 0.539 ± 0.013 | 0.524 ± 0.014 | |
F-F | 0.536 ± 0.021 | 0.537 ± 0.005 a | 0.543 ± 0.014 | 0.521 ± 0.009 | |
Statistical significance | |||||
Farming system (FS) | ** | ns | * | * | |
Preceding crop (PC) | * | * | ** | ** | |
FS × PC | ** | ns | * | ** |
Farming System | Preceding Crop | EY 2015–2016 | EY 2016–2017 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BCE | FS | FHS | BCE | FS | FHS | ||
Organic | C-F | 165.00± 11.22 | 144.50 ± 2.50 | 109.50 ± 2.21 | 210.00 ± 7.70 a | 212.37 ± 4.62 a | 173.07 ± 8.98 |
P-F | 130.62 ± 6.87 | 132.00 ± 1.29 | 107.00 ± 1.29 | 140.00 ± 6.69 b | 176.25 ± 5.86 b | 136.13 ± 7.26 | |
F-F | 130.63 ± 13.16 | 135.50 ± 1.50 | 107.50 ± 1.50 | 153.12 ± 13.16 b | 168.38 ± 6.25 b | 133.38 ± 7.23 | |
Conventional | C-F | 185.62 ± 6.78 | 158.50 ± 0.95 | 115.00 ± 1.29 | 218.13 ± 12.88 a | 213.18 ± 5.29 a | 189.00 ± 6.89 |
P-F | 178.75 ± 7.93 | 140.50 ± 0.95 | 112.50 ± 0.95 | 213.75 ± 10.72 a | 205.87 ± 1.97 a | 169.13 ± 6.87 | |
F-F | 171.87 ± 6.87 | 134.00 ± 1.82 | 116.50 ± 1.82 | 218.13 ± 10.42 a | 219.38 ± 7.59 a | 162.25 ± 7.93 | |
Main effects | |||||||
Organic | 142.08 ± 7.44 b | 137.33 ± 1.62 b | 108.00 ± 0.95 b | 167.70 ± 10.44 | 185.66 ± 6.47 | 147.52 ± 6.82 b | |
Conventional | 178.75 ± 4.14 a | 144.33 ± 1.11 a | 114.50 ± 0.85 a | 210.00 ± 6.49 | 212.81 ± 3.30 | 173.46 ± 5.10 a | |
C-F | 175.31 ± 7.23 a | 146.00 ± 1.36 a | 112.25 ± 1.57 a | 204.06 ± 7.30 | 212.78 ± 3.25 | 181.03 ± 6.04 a | |
P-F | 154.68 ± 10.31 b | 137.75 ± 1.27 b | 109.75 ± 1.27 a | 176.87 ± 15.11 | 191.06 ± 6.28 | 152.63 ± 7.76 b | |
F-F | 151.25 ± 10.39 b | 139.75 ± 1.94 b | 111.75 ± 1.94 a | 185.62 ± 14.53 | 193.87 ± 10.65 | 147.82 ± 7.38 b | |
Statistical significance | |||||||
Farming system (FS) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
Preceding crop (PC) | * | *** | ns | ns | ** | *** | |
FS × PC | ns | ns | ns | ** | ** | ns |
Farming System | Preceding Crop | EY 2015–2016 (No L−1 of Soil) | EY 2016–2017 (No L−1 of Soil) |
---|---|---|---|
Organic | C-F | 75.38 ± 2.47 b | 61.08 ± 2.40 c |
P-F | 99.19 ± 2.93 a | 78.79 ± 2.83 b | |
F-F | 103.25 ± 3.12 a | 92.05 ± 2.97 a | |
Conventional | C-F | 47.90 ± 2.42 c | 39.53 ± 2.75 d |
P-F | 68.87 ± 2.46 b | 60.96 ± 2.67 c | |
F-F | 73.69 ± 2.81 b | 60.07 ± 1.83 c | |
Main effects | |||
Organic | 92.60 ± 3.72 | 77.31 ± 3.84 | |
Conventional | 63.48 ± 3.38 | 59.19 ± 2.97 | |
C-F | 61.64 ± 5.21 | 50.31 ± 4.06 | |
P-F | 84.03 ± 5.82 | 69.88 ± 3.45 | |
F-F | 88.47 ± 5.58 | 76.06 ± 6.10 | |
Statistical significance | |||
Farming system (FS) | ** | ** | |
Preceding crop (PC) | *** | *** | |
FS × PC | *** | *** |
Farming System | Preceding Crop | Ndfa (%) | SDB (t ha−1) | Total Ν (%) | BNF (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organic | C-F | 69.35 ± 4.55 b | 3.16 ± 0.06 b | 3.55 ± 0.09 | 77.80 ± 0.82 d |
P-F | 78.61 ± 3.51 a | 3.91 ± 0.07 a | 3.61 ± 0.06 | 110.96 ± 1.05 a | |
F-F | 77.89 ± 1.72 a | 3.66 ± 0.03 ab | 3.53 ± 0.11 | 100.63 ± 1.44 b | |
Conventional | C-F | 71.63 ± 4.71 b | 3.36 ± 0.08 b | 3.29 ± 0.03 | 79.18 ± 0.56 d |
P-F | 68.24 ± 4.18 b | 3.80 ± 0.08 a | 3.52 ± 0.07 | 91.28 ± 0.83 c | |
F-F | 70.18 ± 2.47 b | 3.74 ± 0.04 a | 3.39 ± 0.08 | 88.98 ± 0.79 c | |
Main effects | |||||
Organic | 75.28 ± 1.78 | 3.58 ± 0.08 | 3.56 ± 0.07 a | 96.46 ± 4.29 | |
Conventional | 70.02 ± 2.61 | 3.63 ± 0.07 | 3.40 ± 0.03 a | 86.48 ± 1.67 | |
C-F | 70.49 ± 2.08 | 3.26 ± 0.05 | 3.42 ± 0.06 a | 78.49 ± 0.52 | |
P-F | 73.43 ± 1.16 | 3.86 ± 0.04 | 3.57 ± 0.09 a | 101.12 ± 3.78 | |
F-F | 74.04 ± 1.35 | 3.70 ± 0.03 | 3.46 ± 0.08 a | 94.81 ± 2.39 | |
Statistical significance | |||||
Farming system (FS) | ** | ns | ns | ns | |
Preceding crop (PC) | * | * | ns | * | |
FS × PC | ** | ** | ns | ** |
Farming System | Preceding Crop | Ndfa (%) | SDB (t ha−1) | Total Ν (%) | BNF (kg ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Organic | C-F | 83.45 ± 1.68 b | 3.41 ± 0.04 c | 3.18 ± 0.09 b | 90.49 ± 0.82 c |
P-F | 93.83 ± 0.076 a | 4.28 ± 0.02 a | 3.66 ± 0.06 a | 146.98 ± 1.24 a | |
F-F | 89.12 ± 1.72 ab | 3.89 ± 0.04 b | 3.22 ± 0.12 b | 111.63 ± 0.87 b | |
Conventional | C-F | 76.23 ± 1.32 c | 3.62 ± 0.03 bc | 3.31 ± 0.09 b | 91.34 ± 0.63 c |
P-F | 84.13 ± 3.10 b | 3.97 ± 0.04 b | 3.45 ± 0.16 ab | 115.23 ± 0.75 b | |
F-F | 82.53 ± 3.14 bc | 3.92 ± 0.03 b | 3.63 ± 0.13 a | 117.44 ± 0.86 b | |
Main effects | |||||
Organic | 88.80 ± 0.93 | 3.86 ± 0.10 | 3.35 ± 0.08 | 116.37 ± 7.05 | |
Conventional | 80.96 ± 1.51 | 3.84 ± 0.06 | 3.46 ± 0.08 | 108.00 ± 3.63 | |
C-F | 79.84 ± 1.00 | 3.52 ± 0.03 | 3.25 ± 0.06 | 90.92 ± 0.49 | |
P-F | 88.98 ± 1.65 | 4.13 ± 0.06 | 3.56 ± 0.11 | 131.11 ± 5.97 | |
F-F | 85.83 ± 1.91 | 3.91 ± 0.02 | 3.43 ± 0.10 | 114.53 ± 1.24 | |
Statistical significance | |||||
Farming system (FS) | * | ns | ns | ns | |
Preceding crop (PC) | * | ** | * | ** | |
FS × PC | * | * | * | ** |
EY 2015–2016 | EY 2016–2017 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farming System | Preceding Crop | PL (cm) | PN (No Plant−1) | TFPY (t ha−1) | PL (cm) | PN (No Plant−1) | TFPY (t ha−1) |
Organic | C-F | 7.38 ± 0.21 | 35.82 ± 1.22 c | 26.63 ± 0.74 c | 7.64 ± 0.19 | 38.40 ± 0.71 d | 23.60 ± 0.66 c |
P-F | 6.91 ± 0.19 | 46.70 ± 0.48 a | 34.17 ± 0.79 a | 7.54 ± 0.21 | 45.45 ± 0.79 a | 32.14 ± 0.73 a | |
F-F | 6.58 ± 0.22 | 42.47 ± 0.62 b | 30.12 ± 0.81 b | 7.86 ± 0.22 | 40.60 ± 0.42 c | 28.13 ± 0.42 b | |
Conventional | C-F | 7.16 ± 0.19 | 37.62 ± 0.84 c | 27.51 ± 0.83 c | 7.43 ± 0.20 | 38.97 ± 0.61 d | 24.12 ± 0.79 c |
P-F | 6.79 ± 0.23 | 41.57 ± 0.83 b | 30.70 ± 0.88 b | 7.13 ± 0.21 | 42.52 ± 0.67 b | 28.72 ± 0.45 b | |
F-F | 6.70 ± 0.21 | 42.07 ± 0.78 b | 30.88 ± 0.84 b | 7.48 ± 0.23 | 42.85 ± 0.66 b | 27.86 ± 0.44 b | |
Main effects | |||||||
Organic | 6.91 ± 0.20 a | 41.66 ± 1.36 | 30.31 ± 1.02 | 7.68 ± 0.21 a | 41.48 ± 0.96 | 27.95 ± 1.21 | |
Conventional | 6.88 ± 0.21 a | 40.42 ± 0.69 | 29.67 ± 0.63 | 7.35± 0.22 a | 41.45 ± 0.63 | 26.90 ± 0.66 | |
C-F | 7.27 ± 0.22 a | 36.72 ± 0.75 | 27.07 ± 0.54 | 7.54 ± 0.20 a | 38.69 ± 0.44 | 23.86 ± 0.51 | |
P-F | 6.85 ± 0.21 a | 44.14 ± 0.99 | 32.44 ± 0.87 | 7.33 ± 0.23 a | 43.99 ± 0.76 | 30.43 ± 0.88 | |
F-F | 6.63 ± 0.22 a | 42.27 ± 0.49 | 30.50 ± 0.55 | 7.67 ± 0.21 a | 41.73 ± 0.49 | 28.00 ± 0.29 | |
Statistical significance | |||||||
Farming system (FS) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Preceding crop (PC) | ns | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | |
FS × PC | ns | ** | ** | ns | ** | ** |
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Yfantopoulos, D.; Ntatsi, G.; Gruda, N.; Bilalis, D.; Savvas, D. Effects of the Preceding Crop on Soil N Availability, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, and Fresh Pod Yield of Organically Grown Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.). Horticulturae 2022, 8, 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060496
Yfantopoulos D, Ntatsi G, Gruda N, Bilalis D, Savvas D. Effects of the Preceding Crop on Soil N Availability, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, and Fresh Pod Yield of Organically Grown Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.). Horticulturae. 2022; 8(6):496. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060496
Chicago/Turabian StyleYfantopoulos, Dionisios, Georgia Ntatsi, Nazim Gruda, Dimitrios Bilalis, and Dimitrios Savvas. 2022. "Effects of the Preceding Crop on Soil N Availability, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, and Fresh Pod Yield of Organically Grown Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)" Horticulturae 8, no. 6: 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8060496