Bio-Fertilizers Reduced the Need for Mineral Fertilizers in Soilless-Grown Capia Pepper
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant and Bio-Fertilizer Materials and Experimental Conditions
- Common nutrient solution, 100% mineral fertilization (as control) (Table 1),
- 60% mineral fertilization (MF) + PGPR,
- 60% MF + AMF
- 60% MF + PGPR + AMF
- 80% MF + PGPR
- 80% MF + AMF
- 80% MF + PGPR + AMF
2.2. Nutrient Solution and Irrigation
2.3. Parameters Examined in the Experiment
2.3.1. Determination of Leaf Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), and Copper (Cu) by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
2.3.2. Determination of Leaf Total Nitrogen (N) by the Kjeldahl Method
2.3.3. Determination of Leaf Phosphorus (P) by the Barton Method
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Bio-Fertilizers on Plant Growth
3.2. Effects of Bio-Fertilizers on Total Fruit Yield and Fruit Number
3.3. Effects of Bio-Fertilizers on Capia Pepper Fruit Quality Properties
3.4. Effects of Bio-Fertilizers on Mineral Nutrient Concentration
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | P | K | Ca | Mg | Fe | Mn | Zn | B | Cu | Mo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100–239 | 40–81 | 96–370 | 150–250 | 50–92 | 5–10 | 1.97 | 0.25 | 0.7 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
Treatments | Plant Height (cm) | Stem Diameter (mm) | Number of Branches |
---|---|---|---|
100%MF | 81.08 b | 10.66 | 6.42 |
60%MF + PGPR | 78.75 b | 9.61 | 5.75 |
60%MF + AMF | 66.50 c | 9.00 | 5.67 |
60%MF + PGPR + AMF | 83.25 b | 9.75 | 5.33 |
80%MF + PGPR | 90.83 a | 10.04 | 5.20 |
80%MF + AMF | 94.92 a | 10.03 | 5.33 |
80%MF+ PGPR + AMF | 98.13 a | 10.09 | 4.92 |
LSD0.05 | 7.398 | NS | NS |
P | <0.0001 | 0.1620 | 0.5873 |
Treatments | Shoot Fresh Weight (g Plant−1) | Leaf Fresh Weight (g Plant−1) |
---|---|---|
100%MF | 635.2 a | 297.5 a |
60%MF + PGPR | 377.4 cd | 185.3 de |
60%MF + AMF | 308.2 d | 157.7 e |
60%MF + PGPR + AMF | 412.8 bcd | 206.3 cd |
80%MF + PGPR | 530.6 abc | 258.0 b |
80%MF + AMF | 516.8 abc | 243.3 bc |
80%MF+ PGPR + AMF | 545.0 ab | 262.3 ab |
LSD0.05 | 156.484 | 34.008 |
P | 0.0053 | <0.0001 |
Treatments | Weight (g) | Height (cm) | Diameter (mm) | Volume (cm3) | Firmness (kg cm−3) | FLESH Thickness (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100%MF | 105.11 c | 20.33 a | 49.69 cd | 201 bc | 4.21 | 4.33 |
60%MF + PGPR | 109.70 bc | 19.95 a | 51.59 bc | 208 ab | 4.00 | 4.23 |
60%MF + AMF | 91.96 d | 19.25 a | 47.68 d | 163 c | 4.13 | 3.93 |
60%MF + PGPR + AMF | 81.81 d | 16.78 b | 48.24 d | 168 c | 4.16 | 3.65 |
80%MF + PGPR | 112.54 bc | 19.70 a | 55.40 a | 231 ab | 3.81 | 4.03 |
80%MF + AMF | 118.86 ab | 19.40 a | 54.88 ab | 230 ab | 4.04 | 4.05 |
80%MF+ PGPR + AMF | 125.16 a | 20.73 a | 54.94 a | 246 a | 3.98 | 4.12 |
LSD0.05 | 11.382 | 1.845 | 3.321 | 38.531 | NS | NS |
P | <0.0001 | 0.0075 | 0.0001 | 0.0013 | 0.4228 | 0.3261 |
Treatments | EC (µS cm−1) | pH | TSS (%) | TA (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
100%MF | 2070 b | 5.27 | 5.90 d | 1.35 |
60%MF + PGPR | 2642 a | 5.01 | 7.00 a | 1.79 |
60%MF + AMF | 2671 a | 5.04 | 7.10 a | 1.67 |
60%MF + PGPR + AMF | 2487 a | 5.10 | 6.93 ab | 1.78 |
80%MF + PGPR | 2542 a | 5.16 | 6.10 cd | 1.61 |
80%MF + AMF | 2577 a | 5.00 | 6.23 bcd | 1.71 |
80%MF+ PGPR + AMF | 2445 a | 5.11 | 6.85 ab | 1.61 |
LSD0.05 | 288.059 | NS | 0.326 | NS |
p | 0.007 | 0.193 | 0.0222 | 0.242 |
Treatments | N | P | K | Ca | Mg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
100%MF | 3.46 c | 0.37 c | 4.94 d | 1.28 d | 1.10 c |
60%MF + PGPR | 3.73 c | 0.40 c | 5.04 cd | 1.94 ab | 1.16 abc |
60%MF + AMF | 3.98 bc | 0.61 a | 5.32 bc | 1.88 abc | 1.21 ab |
60%MF + PGPR + AMF | 4.34 b | 0.52 b | 5.51 b | 1.64 bc | 1.11 bc |
80%MF + PGPR | 5.65 a | 0.49 b | 5.61 ab | 1.59 c | 1.22 a |
80%MF + AMF | 5.62 a | 0.48 b | 5.88 a | 2.06 a | 1.26 a |
80%MF+ PGPR + AMF | 5.57 a | 0.42 c | 5.89 a | 1.88 abc | 1.23 a |
LSD0.05 | 0.536 | 0.0496 | 0.341 | 0.296 | 0.104 |
p | ˂0.0001 | ˂0.0001 | ˂0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.0255 |
Treatments | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|
100%MF | 71.48 c | 23.30 e | 41.41 cd | 8.36 b |
60%MF + PGPR | 82.65 bc | 43.27 de | 46.88 c | 10.75 a |
60%MF + AMF | 171.67 a | 86.04 ab | 39.69 d | 10.97 a |
60%MF + PGPR + AMF | 174.81 a | 75.40 abc | 43.44 cd | 10.72 a |
80%MF + PGPR | 154.25 a | 92.04 a | 55.31 b | 11.94 a |
80%MF + AMF | 147.06 a | 64.70 bcd | 58.44 ab | 12.25 a |
80%MF+ PGPR + AMF | 107.63 b | 54.22 cd | 61.56 a | 11.25 a |
LSD0.05 | 31.121 | 25.501 | 5.598 | 1.768 |
p | ˂0.0001 | 0.0002 | ˂0.0001 | 0.0060 |
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Dasgan, H.Y.; Yilmaz, M.; Dere, S.; Ikiz, B.; Gruda, N.S. Bio-Fertilizers Reduced the Need for Mineral Fertilizers in Soilless-Grown Capia Pepper. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020188
Dasgan HY, Yilmaz M, Dere S, Ikiz B, Gruda NS. Bio-Fertilizers Reduced the Need for Mineral Fertilizers in Soilless-Grown Capia Pepper. Horticulturae. 2023; 9(2):188. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020188
Chicago/Turabian StyleDasgan, Hayriye Yildiz, Mehmet Yilmaz, Sultan Dere, Boran Ikiz, and Nazim S. Gruda. 2023. "Bio-Fertilizers Reduced the Need for Mineral Fertilizers in Soilless-Grown Capia Pepper" Horticulturae 9, no. 2: 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020188