The Design of a Thermoelectric Generator and Its Medical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- High reliability with no moving parts; maintenance-free
- Wide range of power generation (kW–µW)
- Noiseless operation
- Compact size and can be embedded in an existing setup
- Direct energy conversion without any intermediate form of energy conversion.
2. Working Principle of Thermoelectric Devices
3. Materials and Manufacturing Process of TEG
Manufacturing of Thermoelectric Materials
4. Architecture of Thermoelectric Generators
4.1. Flexible TEGs
4.2. Cylindrical Bulk TEG
4.3. Flat Bulk TEG
4.4. Thin-Film TEG
5. Cooling of Thermoelectric Generators
5.1. Air Cooling
5.1.1. Passive Air Cooling
5.1.2. Forced Air Cooling
5.1.3. Water Cooling
5.1.4. Natural Convection
5.1.5. Forced Convection
5.1.6. Evaporative Cooling
6. Medical Applications of Thermoelectric Generators
6.1. Thermoelectric Generators for Implantable Medical Devices
6.1.1. Design of TEGs for Implantable Devices.
- The TEG can be located at an implantable depth from the skin surface, where the maximum temperature difference exists.
- Multi-stage TEG can generate higher power for the same temperature difference compared to single TEG.
- Skin cooling and higher ambient temperature will enhance the TEG output.
- As the voltage output from the TEG is not sufficient since the implantable device impedance is 0.5 to 100 kΩ [94], the commercially available thermoelectric module’s figure of merit has to be significantly increased.
- The TEG should be covered with high thermal conductivity and a biocompatible membrane before implanting it into the human body.
6.1.2. Pacemaker
6.2. Wearable Healthcare Devices
6.2.1. Design of a Wearable TEG
6.2.2. Flexible Thermoelectric Generators
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Implanted Device. | Applications | Typical Power Requirement |
---|---|---|
Cardiac pacemaker | Conduction disorders | 30–100 μW |
Cardiac defibrillator | Ventricular tachycardia | 30–100 μW (Idle) |
Neurological stimulator | Essential tremor | 30 μW to several mW |
Drug pump | Spasticity | 100 μW–2 mW |
Cochlear implant | Auditory assistance | Up to 10 mW |
Glucose monitor | Diabetes care | >10 μW |
Material | Thermal Conductivity | Density | Heat Capacity |
---|---|---|---|
Muscle | 0.7–1.0 W/m K | 1070 kg/m3 | 3471 J/kg K |
Fat | 0.1–0.4 W/m K | 937 kg/m3 | 3258 J/kg K |
Skin | 0.5–2.8 W/m K | — | — |
Blood | 0.51–0.53 W/m K | 1060 kg/m3 | 3889 J/kg K |
Model | Manufacturer | Ref |
---|---|---|
Health Vest | Smart Life Technologies | [103] |
Vital Sense. | Philips-Respironics | [104] |
Life Shirt | Vivo Metrics | [105] |
Equivital | Bio-Lynx Scientific Equipment, Inc. | [106] |
Bioharness | Zephyr | [107] |
ProeTEX | Curone | [108] |
ExMedicus Smartwatch | Planet Intelligent | [106] |
Body Location | Ambient Temperature °C | Thermal Resistance cm2 K/W |
---|---|---|
Trunk | 23 | 200–800 |
Outer wrist | 22.7 | 440 |
Inner wrist | 22.7 | 120–150 |
Forehead | 21.5 | 156–380 |
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Kumar, P.M.; Jagadeesh Babu, V.; Subramanian, A.; Bandla, A.; Thakor, N.; Ramakrishna, S.; Wei, H. The Design of a Thermoelectric Generator and Its Medical Applications. Designs 2019, 3, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs3020022
Kumar PM, Jagadeesh Babu V, Subramanian A, Bandla A, Thakor N, Ramakrishna S, Wei H. The Design of a Thermoelectric Generator and Its Medical Applications. Designs. 2019; 3(2):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs3020022
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Palanisamy Mohan, Veluru Jagadeesh Babu, Arjun Subramanian, Aishwarya Bandla, Nitish Thakor, Seeram Ramakrishna, and He Wei. 2019. "The Design of a Thermoelectric Generator and Its Medical Applications" Designs 3, no. 2: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs3020022