Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify Hand Gestures from Deployable and Breathable Kirigami-Based Electrical Impedance Bracelet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Kirigami Pattern Design
2.2. Electrode Placement and Data Acquisition
2.3. Machine Learning Algorithms for Gesture Classification
3. Results
3.1. Stress-Strain Results from Kirigami Simulation
3.2. Machine Learning Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison between Different Machine Learning Algorithms
4.2. Comparison of Different Levels of Principle Component Analysis for Feature Selection
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stress (N/m2) | Strain (mm) | |
---|---|---|
Design 1—Pyramid Tip | 21,370 | 44.84 |
Design 2—Flat-Top | 1190 | 22.54 |
Design 3—Flat Platform | 11,290 | 40.26 |
Model/Class | Down | Fist | Left | Right | Up | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quadratic SVM | 77.00 | 88.50 | 92.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 91.49 |
Medium Gaussian SVM | 78.20 | 87.40 | 88.50 | 98.90 | 100.00 | 90.57 |
Subspace Discriminant Ensemble | 97.70 | 65.50 | 69.00 | 87.40 | 97.70 | 83.45 |
Linear Discriminant | 93.10 | 71.30 | 74.70 | 79.30 | 96.60 | 82.99 |
Cosine kNN | 75.90 | 70.51 | 72.40 | 90.80 | 100.00 | 81.84 |
Naïve Bayes | 75.90 | 69.00 | 70.10 | 92.00 | 98.90 | 81.15 |
Medium Tree | 62.10 | 63.20 | 46.00 | 97.70 | 100.00 | 73.79 |
Average accuracy | 79.99 | 73.63 | 73.24 | 92.30 | 99.03 | 83.64 |
No. of PCA Components | 64 | 48 | 24 | 12 | 8 | 4 | 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quadratic SVM | 92.64 | 91.49 | 90.34 | 84.83 | 75.17 | 69.43 | 58.39 |
Medium Gaussian SVM | 91.72 | 90.57 | 91.26 | 83.22 | 78.16 | 71.49 | 59.77 |
Subspace Discriminant Ensemble | 82.53 | 83.45 | 80.69 | 82.99 | 75.4 | 59.77 | 52.41 |
Linear Discriminant | 80.46 | 82.99 | 83.45 | 81.38 | 75.17 | 68.97 | 58.62 |
Cosine kNN | 81.15 | 81.84 | 80.92 | 82.99 | 75.63 | 73.33 | 57.47 |
Naïve Bayes | 73.10 | 81.15 | 81.84 | 78.16 | 71.72 | 69.89 | 59.31 |
Medium Tree | 73.56 | 73.79 | 70.8 | 70.57 | 67.13 | 65.29 | 62.07 |
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Joseph Vedhagiri, G.P.; Wang, X.Z.; Senthil Kumar, K.; Ren, H. Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify Hand Gestures from Deployable and Breathable Kirigami-Based Electrical Impedance Bracelet. Multimodal Technol. Interact. 2020, 4, 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030047
Joseph Vedhagiri GP, Wang XZ, Senthil Kumar K, Ren H. Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify Hand Gestures from Deployable and Breathable Kirigami-Based Electrical Impedance Bracelet. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction. 2020; 4(3):47. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030047
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoseph Vedhagiri, Godwin Ponraj, Xin Zhi Wang, Kirthika Senthil Kumar, and Hongliang Ren. 2020. "Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify Hand Gestures from Deployable and Breathable Kirigami-Based Electrical Impedance Bracelet" Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, no. 3: 47. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030047