COVID-19-Induced Thrombosis in Patients without Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Elevated Fecal Calprotectin: Hypothesis Regarding Mechanism of Intestinal Damage Associated with COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Main Text
2. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Intestinal Perforation
4.2. A Hypothesis on the Role of Thrombosis
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Ethics Approval
References
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Characteristics | Patients with Abnormal Fecal Calprotectin N = 21 | Patients without Abnormal Calprotectin N = 4 |
---|---|---|
Age, years | 78.3 (69; 81.5) | 76 (70; 84) |
Gender, Male | 15 (71.4%) | 3 (75%) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24 (21; 27) | 25 (20; 26) |
Hearth Diseases | 10 (47.6%) | 2 (50%) |
Hypertension | 7 (33.3%) | 2 (50%) |
Previous ACE-Inhibitors | 5 (23.8%) | 2 (50%) |
Active Smokers | 7 (33.3%) | 1 (25%) |
Antibiotic Therapy | 5 (23.8%) | 1 (25%) |
Heparin Therapy | 13 (61.9%) | 2 (50%) |
White Blood Cell Count | 6530 (4050; 7350) | 6110 (4350; 8365) |
Platelets (109/L) | 205 (141;357) | 189 (153; 265) |
PCR (mg/dL) | 31 (24; 91) | 40 (8; 115) |
LDH (U/L) | 290 (195; 381) | 250 (190; 300) |
Ferritin (µg/L) | 645 (520; 1210) | 550 (420; 610) |
Fecal Calprotectin (mg/kg) | 116 (87.5; 243.5) | |
D-Dimer (mg/LFEU) | 1.32 (0.82; 2) | 0.87 (0.5; 1.23) |
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Giuffrè, M.; Di Bella, S.; Sambataro, G.; Zerbato, V.; Cavallaro, M.; Occhipinti, A.A.; Palermo, A.; Crescenzi, A.; Monica, F.; Luzzati, R.; et al. COVID-19-Induced Thrombosis in Patients without Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Elevated Fecal Calprotectin: Hypothesis Regarding Mechanism of Intestinal Damage Associated with COVID-19. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2020, 5, 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030147
Giuffrè M, Di Bella S, Sambataro G, Zerbato V, Cavallaro M, Occhipinti AA, Palermo A, Crescenzi A, Monica F, Luzzati R, et al. COVID-19-Induced Thrombosis in Patients without Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Elevated Fecal Calprotectin: Hypothesis Regarding Mechanism of Intestinal Damage Associated with COVID-19. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020; 5(3):147. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030147
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiuffrè, Mauro, Stefano Di Bella, Gianluca Sambataro, Verena Zerbato, Marco Cavallaro, Alessandro Agostino Occhipinti, Andrea Palermo, Anna Crescenzi, Fabio Monica, Roberto Luzzati, and et al. 2020. "COVID-19-Induced Thrombosis in Patients without Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Elevated Fecal Calprotectin: Hypothesis Regarding Mechanism of Intestinal Damage Associated with COVID-19" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3: 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030147