Blood Lead Levels and Subsequence Risk of Malaria in the African Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Protocol and Search Strategy
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Study Selection and Data Extraction
2.4. Quality of the Included Studies
2.5. Data Syntheses
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies
3.3. Mean BLL of Participants Enrolled in the Included Studies
3.4. Prevalence of Malaria among Participants
3.5. BLL and Risk of Malaria Infection
3.6. BLL and Risk of Severe Malaria
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Study Site | Year of Conduction | Study Design | Number of Participants | Participants | Age Range (Years) | Male % | Research Questions | Mean ± SD BLL (μg/dL) | Number of Malaria | Outcomes | Outcome Parameters | Test for Malaria | Test for BLL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garrison et al., 2019 | Benin | 2008–2013 | Cohort study | 204 | Children | 1–2 | 51 | BLL and malaria | 5.65 ± 5.683 | 52 | No association between BLL and malaria | IRR of BLL in 4th quartile and malaria, 0.94 (95%CI, 0.68, 1.30, p = 0.7) | Microscopy, RDT | Mass spectrometry |
Greig et al., 2014 | Nigeria | 2010–2011 | Prospective observational study | 972 | Children with VBLL > 45 mg/dL before chelation | <5 | 49.02 | Effect of BLL on neurological features in malaria and non-malaria | 7.94 ± 1.115 | 233 | Malaria associated with BLL < 80 mg/dL and any neurological features | OR of malaria and neurological features (p = 0.016) | RDT | Mass spectrometry |
Moya-Alvarez et al., 2016 | Benin | 2010–2012 | Cross-sectional study | 203 | Infants | 1 | 48.48 | BLL and malaria | 7.41 ± 0.514 | 25 | BLL associated with decreased risk of malaria | AOR of BLL in 4th quartile and malaria, 0.19 (95%CI, 0.04–0.95, p = 0.04) | Microscopy | Mass spectrometry |
Mukisa et al., 2020 | Uganda | NS | Cross-sectional study | 198 | Children with malaria positive | NS | NS | BLL and anemia among malaria | 9.2 ± 0.3 | 198 | No association between BLL and malaria parasite density | Correlation coefficient of BLL and parasite density, 0.124 (p = 0.082) | Microscopy | Mass spectrometry |
Nriagu et al., 2008 | Nigeria | 2005–2006 | Cross-sectional study | 653 | Children | 2–9 | 56.5 | BLL and malaria | 8.97 ± 4.8 | 418 | BLL associated with decreased risk of malaria | Correlation coefficient of BLL and malaria, −0.149 (p < 0.0001) | NS | Inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometer (ICP–MS) |
Ugwuja et al., 2011 | Nigeria | 2007–2008 | Prospective observational study | 349 | Pregnant women | 15–40 | 0 | BLL and pregnancy outcomes | 36.37 ± 18.45 | 75 | BLL associated with increased risk of malaria | OR of BLL and malaria, (p < 0.05) | Microscopy | Atomic absorption spectrophotometer |
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Kuraeiad, S.; Kotepui, M. Blood Lead Levels and Subsequence Risk of Malaria in the African Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030149
Kuraeiad S, Kotepui M. Blood Lead Levels and Subsequence Risk of Malaria in the African Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2021; 6(3):149. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030149
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuraeiad, Saruda, and Manas Kotepui. 2021. "Blood Lead Levels and Subsequence Risk of Malaria in the African Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 3: 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030149