Seropositivity of Leptospira spp. Antibodies among Febrile Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics in Mwanza, Tanzania: Should It Be Included in Routine Diagnosis?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Study Population
2.2. Sample Size Estimation, Sampling Procedures and Data Collection
2.3. Laboratory Analysis of the Samples
2.4. Ethical Considerations
2.5. Data Management and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Enrolled Febrile Adults (n = 296)
3.2. Clinical Characteristics of Enrolled 296 Febrile Adults
3.3. Seropositivity of Leptospira Antibodies among Adult Febrile Patients in Mwanza
3.4. Factors Associated with Leptospira Seropositivity among 296 Febrile Adults in Mwanza Region
3.5. Circulating Leptospira Serovars among Febrile Adults in Mwanza Region
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serial Number | Species | Serogroups | Serovars | Strains |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | L. kirschneri | Icterohaemorrhagiae | Sokoine | RMI-Cattle |
2 | L. kirschneri | Grippotyphosa | Grippotyphosa | Moskva-V |
3 | L. interrogans | Pomona | Pomona | Pomona |
4 | L. interrogans | Hebdomadis | Hebdomadis | Hebdomadis |
5 | L. interrogans | Australis | Lora | TE1992 |
Variable | Number (n)/Median/Mean | Percentage (%)/IQR/SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 32 | 24–45 | |
People in household | 6 | 4–7 | |
Sex | Female | 226 | 76.35 |
Male | 70 | 23.65 | |
Residence | Rural | 70 | 23.65 |
Urban | 226 | 76.35 | |
Water source | Lake or pond | 48 | 16.22 |
Tap water | 248 | 83.78 | |
Toilet | Modern | 237 | 80 |
Pit latrine | 59 | 19.93 | |
House type | Brick/iron | 257 | 86.82 |
Mud/mud | 39 | 13.18 | |
Education | Primary | 114 | 38.91 |
Secondary | 157 | 53.58 | |
University/College | 22 | 7.51 | |
Marital status | Married | 213 | 71.96 |
Single | 83 | 28.04 | |
Occupation | Business | 100 | 33.78 |
Employed | 45 | 15.20 | |
Housewife | 103 | 34.80 | |
Student | 48 | 16.22 |
Variable | Number | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Hematuria | No | 212 | 98.60 |
Yes | 3 | 1.40 | |
Micturia | No | 180 | 83.72 |
Yes | 35 | 16.28 | |
Bloody diarrhea | No | 205 | 99.51 |
Yes | 1 | 0.49 | |
Joint pain | No | 177 | 60.82 |
Yes | 114 | 39.18 | |
Headache | No | 33 | 11.15 |
Yes | 263 | 88.85 | |
Myalgia | No | 175 | 60.55 |
Yes | 114 | 39.45 |
Overall Leptospirosis | Univariate Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Seropositivity (%) | Chi-Square/Odds Ratio (95%CI) | p-Value | Odd’s Ratio (95%CI) | p-Value | |
Age (years) | ** 40(IQR 30–56) | * 1.02(1.01–1.04) | 0.007 | 1.03(1.01–1.06) | 0.007 | |
Sex | Female (226) | 25(11.06) | ||||
Male (70) | 11(15.71) | 1.08 | 0.30 | |||
Residence | Urban (226) | 24(10.62) | ||||
Rural (70) | 12(17.14) | 2.13 | 0.14 | 1.22(0.49–2.99) | 0.77 | |
Education | Primary (114) | 13(11.40) | ||||
Tertiary (22) | 1(4.55) | |||||
Secondary (157) | 22(14.01) | 1.74 | 0.28 | |||
Household (people) | ** 6(IQR 4–7) | 0.91 | ||||
Marital status | Single (83) | 7(8.43) | ||||
Married (213) | 29(13.62) | 1.74 | 0.22 | |||
Paddy cultivation | No (155) | 12(7.74) | ||||
Yes (32) | 10(12.50) | 1.41 | 0.11 | 0.35(0.11–1.02) | 0.06 | |
Sewage | No (60) | 9(15.00) | ||||
Yes (236) | 27(11.44) | 0.57 | 0.45 | |||
Rodent at home | No (142) | 12(8.45) | ||||
Yes (73) | 8(10.96) | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.57(0.25–1.29) | 0.18 | |
Joint pain | No (177) | 18(10.17) | ||||
Yes (114) | 18(15.79) | 2.02 | 0.13 | 1.49(0.68–3.2) | 0.312 | |
Headache | No (33) | 5(15.15) | ||||
Yes (263) | 31(11.79) | 0.31 | 0.58 | |||
Myalgia | No (175) | 19(10.86) | ||||
Yes (114) | 17(14.91) | 1.04 | 0.25 | |||
Conjunctivitis | No (189) | 16(8.47) | ||||
Yes (17) | 3(17.65) | 1.57 | 0.48 |
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Mirambo, M.M.; Silago, V.; Msemwa, B.; Nyawale, H.; Mgomi, M.G.; Madeu, J.M.; Nasson, W.S.; Emmanuel, G.; Moses, J.; Basinda, N.; et al. Seropositivity of Leptospira spp. Antibodies among Febrile Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics in Mwanza, Tanzania: Should It Be Included in Routine Diagnosis? Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080173
Mirambo MM, Silago V, Msemwa B, Nyawale H, Mgomi MG, Madeu JM, Nasson WS, Emmanuel G, Moses J, Basinda N, et al. Seropositivity of Leptospira spp. Antibodies among Febrile Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics in Mwanza, Tanzania: Should It Be Included in Routine Diagnosis? Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022; 7(8):173. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080173
Chicago/Turabian StyleMirambo, Mariam M., Vitus Silago, Betrand Msemwa, Helmut Nyawale, Mlekwa G. Mgomi, Julius M. Madeu, William S. Nasson, Gabriel Emmanuel, John Moses, Namanya Basinda, and et al. 2022. "Seropositivity of Leptospira spp. Antibodies among Febrile Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics in Mwanza, Tanzania: Should It Be Included in Routine Diagnosis?" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 8: 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080173
APA StyleMirambo, M. M., Silago, V., Msemwa, B., Nyawale, H., Mgomi, M. G., Madeu, J. M., Nasson, W. S., Emmanuel, G., Moses, J., Basinda, N., Mhamphi, G., Mwakabumbe, S. S., Mngumi, E. B., Majid, K. S., Matemba, L., Mgode, G., & Mshana, S. E. (2022). Seropositivity of Leptospira spp. Antibodies among Febrile Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics in Mwanza, Tanzania: Should It Be Included in Routine Diagnosis? Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 7(8), 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080173