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Article

Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) and Susceptibility towards Severe Dengue Fever—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study of Hospitalized Dengue Fever Patients from Lahore, Pakistan

by
Somia Iqtadar
1,
Amjad Khan
2,*,
Sami Ullah Mumtaz
1,
Shona Livingstone
3,
Muhammad Nabeel Akbar Chaudhry
4,
Nauman Raza
1,
Mehreen Zahra
1 and
Sajid Abaidullah
1
1
Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
2
Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
3
School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
4
Cath Laboratory, Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010043
Submission received: 23 November 2022 / Revised: 19 December 2022 / Accepted: 30 December 2022 / Published: 5 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dengue)
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Abstract

Dengue is a mosquito-borne flaviviral serious febrile illness, most common in the tropical and subtropical regions including Pakistan. Vitamin D is a strong immunomodulator affecting both the innate and adaptive immune responses and plays a pivotal role in pathogen-defense mechanisms. There has been considerable interest in the possible role of vitamin D in dengue viral (DENV) infection. In the present prospective cross-sectional study, we assessed a possible association between serum vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and susceptibility towards severe dengue fever (DF) illness. Serum vitamin D levels were measured at the time of hospitalization in 97 patients diagnosed with dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS) at Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, PK, from 16 November 2021 to 15 January 2022. In terms of disease severity, 37 (38.1%) patients were DF, 52 (53.6%) were DHF grade 1 and 2, and 8 (8.2%) were DSS. The results revealed that most patients (75 (77.3%)) were vitamin-D-deficient (i.e., serum level < 20 ng/mL), including 27 (73.0%) in DF, 41 (78.8%) in DHF grade 1 and 2, and 7 (87.5%) in DSS. The degree of VDD was somewhat higher in DSS patients as compared to DF and DHF grade 1 and 2 patients. Overall, serum vitamin D levels ranged from 4.2 to 109.7 ng/mL, and the median (IQR) was in the VDD range, i.e., 12.2 (9.1, 17.8) ng/mL. Our results suggest that there may be a possible association between VDD and susceptibility towards severe dengue illness. Hence, maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels in the body either through diet or supplementation may help provide adequate immune protection against severe dengue fever illness. Further research is warranted.
Keywords: vitamin D deficiency; dengue fever; dengue hemorrhagic fever; dengue shock syndrome vitamin D deficiency; dengue fever; dengue hemorrhagic fever; dengue shock syndrome

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MDPI and ACS Style

Iqtadar, S.; Khan, A.; Mumtaz, S.U.; Livingstone, S.; Chaudhry, M.N.A.; Raza, N.; Zahra, M.; Abaidullah, S. Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) and Susceptibility towards Severe Dengue Fever—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study of Hospitalized Dengue Fever Patients from Lahore, Pakistan. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010043

AMA Style

Iqtadar S, Khan A, Mumtaz SU, Livingstone S, Chaudhry MNA, Raza N, Zahra M, Abaidullah S. Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) and Susceptibility towards Severe Dengue Fever—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study of Hospitalized Dengue Fever Patients from Lahore, Pakistan. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2023; 8(1):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010043

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iqtadar, Somia, Amjad Khan, Sami Ullah Mumtaz, Shona Livingstone, Muhammad Nabeel Akbar Chaudhry, Nauman Raza, Mehreen Zahra, and Sajid Abaidullah. 2023. "Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) and Susceptibility towards Severe Dengue Fever—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study of Hospitalized Dengue Fever Patients from Lahore, Pakistan" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 1: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010043

APA Style

Iqtadar, S., Khan, A., Mumtaz, S. U., Livingstone, S., Chaudhry, M. N. A., Raza, N., Zahra, M., & Abaidullah, S. (2023). Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) and Susceptibility towards Severe Dengue Fever—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study of Hospitalized Dengue Fever Patients from Lahore, Pakistan. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 8(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8010043

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