Household Location (Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Settlements) as an Associated Risk Factor for Toxoplasmosis during Pregnancy in Southeastern Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Area Characteristics
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.5. Anti-T. gondii Antibody Screening
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T. gondii Antibodies | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive (%) | Negative (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Variables | 871 (54.0) | 743 (46.0) | ||||
Area of residence | <0.001 | |||||
Urban | 410/871 (47.1) | 423/743 (56.9) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||
Rural settlement | 286/871 (32.8) | 182/743 (24.5) | 1.62 (1.29–2.04) | 1.72 (1.36–2.17) | <0.0001 | |
Peri-urban | 175/871 (20.1) | 138/743 (18.6) | 1.31 (1.01–1.70) | 1.36 (1.04–1.78) | 0.023 | |
Age (years old) a | <0.001 | |||||
13–20 | 143/871 (16.4) | 213/743 (28.7) | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) | ||
21–25 | 201/871 (23.1) | 205/743 (27.6) | 1.46 (1.09–1.50) | 1.47 (1.1–1.96) | 0.0094 | |
26–30 | 230/871 (26.4) | 180/743 (24.2) | 1.90 (1.43–2.54) | 1.96 (1.47–2.62) | <0.0001 | |
31–45 | 297/871 (34.1) | 145/743 (19.5) | 3.04 (2.28–4.08) | 3.17 (2.37–4.25) | <0.0001 |
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Lima, M.L.F.; Sousa, A.M.A.F.L.S.d.; Marques, L.L.; Ferreira, I.B.; Giuffrida, R.; Kmetiuk, L.B.; Biondo, A.W.; Santarém, V.A. Household Location (Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Settlements) as an Associated Risk Factor for Toxoplasmosis during Pregnancy in Southeastern Brazil. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9, 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9080173
Lima MLF, Sousa AMAFLSd, Marques LL, Ferreira IB, Giuffrida R, Kmetiuk LB, Biondo AW, Santarém VA. Household Location (Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Settlements) as an Associated Risk Factor for Toxoplasmosis during Pregnancy in Southeastern Brazil. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2024; 9(8):173. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9080173
Chicago/Turabian StyleLima, Maria Linda Ferreira, Ana Maria Anthônia Ferreira Lima Simão de Sousa, Lucimara Lopes Marques, Isabella Braghin Ferreira, Rogério Giuffrida, Louise Bach Kmetiuk, Alexander Welker Biondo, and Vamilton Alvares Santarém. 2024. "Household Location (Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Settlements) as an Associated Risk Factor for Toxoplasmosis during Pregnancy in Southeastern Brazil" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 8: 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9080173