Photovoltaic Roundabouts for Enhancement of Self-Sufficiency and Resiliency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- -
- Mini roundabouts: diameter between 14 and 25 m.
- -
- Compact roundabouts: diameter between 25 and 40 m.
- -
- Conventional roundabouts: diameter between 40 and 50 m.
2.1. Calculation of the Available Area for the Installation of the Photovoltaic System
- ➢
- Inscribed circle diameter, D [m].
- ➢
- Width of the circulatory roadway, WCR [m].
- ➢
- Radius of the center island, RCI [m], calculated as the difference between the inscribed circle diameter and twice the width of the circulatory roadway.
- ➢
- Available area including the apron [m2].
- ➢
- Width of the apron [m].
- ➢
- Available area minus the apron [m2].
2.2. Calculation of Installable Modules
- ➢
- A total of 6.2–7.7 m2 per installed kWp, at 0° tilt angle, for the monocrystalline silicon modules;
- ➢
- A total of 6.6–10 m2 per installed kWp, at 0° tilt angle, for the polycrystalline silicon modules.
2.3. Calculation of Electricity Productivity
- Northern Italy: 1000–1200 h/year.
- Central Italy: 1200–1300 h/year.
- Southern Italy: 1350–1500 h/year.
2.4. Calculation of the Energy Demand for Lighting Roundabout
2.5. Evaluation of the Critical Diameter
- (1)
- Lower critical diameter: value of the critical diameter corresponding to the balance between the energy required by the lighting configuration with the lowest consumption among the configurations simulated in the previous point and the electricity generated by the photovoltaic systems considered.
- (2)
- Upper critical diameter: value of the critical diameter corresponding to the balance between the energy required by the lighting configuration with the highest consumption among the configurations simulated in the previous point and the electricity generated by the photovoltaic systems considered.
3. Results and Discussion
- ➢
- In the case of roundabouts where the lighting of the entry legs is foreseen along a length of 100 m, in order to ensure optimal night-time driving safety requirements, it should be noted that for all the system configurations considered, the minimum diameters of the roundabouts must be between 29 and 34 m for the RAPS to be effective, which in any case should be combined with lighting systems with minimal consumption (such as LEDs). In fact, it should be noted that energy-intensive lighting systems (with luminaires equipped with discharge lamps) in many cases do not guarantee energy self-sufficiency for any of the diameters allowed by the standards (for example, almost all configurations of roundabouts equipped with lighting poles and double-sided arrangement of the lighting poles on the legs). In cases where the RAPS also applies to such energy-intensive configurations, roundabouts with a diameter of at least 40 m are also required. This means that in these cases only the conventional roundabouts need to be considered and the other two categories of roundabouts (compact roundabouts and mini roundabouts) are left out.
- ➢
- The RAPS solutions, which foresee the use of monocrystalline silicon, are sufficient to guarantee energy self-sufficiency for the lighting of roundabouts only from an external diameter of 24 m, regardless of the geographical location of the installation. If one wanted to ensure the lighting of routes over an extension of 100 m, RAPS with monocrystalline silicon modules would require roundabouts with diameters starting from 28 m in Southern Italy, from 29 m in Central Italy and from 30 m in Northern Italy.
- ➢
- Systems with polycrystalline silicon modules are only suitable for ensuring energy self-sufficiency for lighting roundabouts from an external diameter of 25/26 m, regardless of the geographical location of the system. The overall lighting of the intersection area (roundabouts and legs) requires that RAPSs with polycrystalline silicon modules be installed on roundabouts with diameters from 30 m in Southern Italy, from 31 m in Central Italy, and from 32 m in Northern Italy.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class | Horizontal Illuminance [Lux] | |
---|---|---|
Ei (Minimum Maintained) | Uo (Minimum) | |
CE0 | 50 | 0.4 |
CE1 | 30 | 0.4 |
CE2 | 20 | 0.4 |
CE3 | 15 | 0.4 |
CE4 | 10 | 0.4 |
CE5 | 7.5 | 0.4 |
Type of Roundabout | Lighting System | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roundabout Only (High Mast Poles) | Roundabout Only (Poles) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) * | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) * | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) * | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) * | |
20 m ≤ Diameter ≤ 50 m (5 m increments) | ✕ | - | - | - | - | - |
20 m ≤ Diameter ≤ 50 m (5 m increments) | - | ✕ | - | - | - | - |
20 m ≤ Diameter ≤ 50 m (5 m increments) | - | - | ✕ | - | - | - |
20 m ≤ Diameter ≤ 50 m (5 m increments) | - | - | - | ✕ | - | - |
20 m ≤ Diameter ≤ 50 m (5 m increments) | - | - | - | - | ✕ | - |
20 m ≤ Diameter ≤ 50 m (5 m increments) | - | - | - | - | - | ✕ |
Type of Roundabout | Inscribed Circle Diameter [m] | Available Area [m2] |
---|---|---|
Mini roundabout | 14 | Negligible |
Mini roundabout | 15 | Negligible |
Mini roundabout | 20 | 7.07 |
Mini roundabout/Compact roundabout | 25 | 27.34 |
Compact roundabout | 30 | 116.90 |
Compact roundabout | 35 | 274.65 |
Compact roundabout/ Conventional roundabout | 40 | 483.05 |
Conventional roundabout | 45 | 855.30 |
Conventional roundabout | 50 | 1134.11 |
Type of Roundabout | Inscribed Circle Diameter [m] | Power Obtainable from Monocrystalline Silicon Modules [kW] | Power Obtainable from Polycrystalline Silicon Modules [kW] |
---|---|---|---|
Mini roundabout | 20 | 0.92 | 0.71 |
Mini roundabout/Compact roundabout | 25 | 3.55 | 2.73 |
Compact roundabout | 30 | 15.18 | 11.69 |
Compact roundabout | 35 | 35.67 | 27.46 |
Compact roundabout/ Conventional roundabout | 40 | 62.73 | 48.31 |
Conventional roundabout | 45 | 111.08 | 85.53 |
Conventional roundabout | 50 | 147.29 | 113.41 |
Type of Roundabout | Inscribed Circle Diameter [m] | Productivity, EPV [kWh/Year] Monocrystalline Silicon Modules | Productivity, EPV [kWh/Year] Polycrystalline Silicon Modules | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North | Center | South | North | Center | South | ||
Mini roundabout | 20 | 1009.80 | 1193.40 | 1377.00 | 777.54 | 918.92 | 1060.29 |
Mini roundabout/Compact roundabout | 25 | 3905.67 | 4615.80 | 5325.92 | 3007.37 | 3554.16 | 4100.96 |
Compact roundabout/ Conventional roundabout | 40 | 69,007.33 | 81,554.11 | 94,100.90 | 53,135.64 | 62,796.67 | 72,457.69 |
Conventional roundabout | 50 | 162,016.42 | 191,473.95 | 220,931.48 | 124,752.64 | 147,434.94 | 170,117.24 |
Type of Roundabout | Inscribed Circle Diameter [m] | Minimum Energy Consumption Requirement for Lighting System, ELmin [kWh/Year] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roundabout Only (High Mast Poles) | Roundabout Only (Poles) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | ||
Mini roundabout | 20 | 2040 | 3040 | 16,872 | 15,224 | 17,782 | 16,224 |
Mini roundabout/Compact roundabout | 25 | 2960 | 5456 | 17,792 | 16,144 | 20,288 | 18,640 |
Compact roundabout/Conventional roundabout | 40 | 8660 | 16,320 | 23,492 | 21,884 | 31,152 | 29,504 |
Conventional roundabout | 50 | 11,400 | 67,808 | 26,232 | 24,584 | 82,640 | 80,992 |
Type of Roundabout | Inscribed Circle Diameter [m] | Maximum Energy Consumption Requirement for Lighting System, ELmax [kWh/Year] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roundabout Only (High Mast Poles) | Roundabout Only (Poles) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | ||
Mini roundabout | 20 | 33,968 | 17,600 | 119,728 | 186,384 | 103,360 | 170,016 |
Mini roundabout/Compact roundabout | 25 | 33,968 | 17,600 | 119,728 | 186,384 | 103,360 | 170,016 |
Compact roundabout/Conventional roundabout | 40 | 42,460 | 33,968 | 128,220 | 194,876 | 119,728 | 186,384 |
Conventional roundabout | 50 | 42,460 | 67,936 | 128,220 | 194,876 | 153,696 | 220,352 |
Critical Diameter [m] | Features of the Photovoltaic System: Monocrystalline Silicon Modules-Northern Italy | |||||
Roundabout Only (High Mast Poles) | Roundabout Only (Poles) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | |
Lower | 24 | 26 | 31 | 30 | 32 | 31 |
Upper | 35 | 32 | 46 | - | 49 | - |
Critical Diameter [m] | Features of the Photovoltaic System: Monocrystalline Silicon Modules-Central Italy | |||||
Roundabout Only (High Mast Poles) | Roundabout Only (Poles) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | |
Lower | 24 | 26 | 30 | 29 | 31 | 30 |
Upper | 33 | 30 | 43 | - | 43 | - |
Critical Diameter [m] | Features of the Photovoltaic System: Monocrystalline Silicon Modules-Southern Italy | |||||
Roundabout Only (High Mast Poles) | Roundabout Only (Poles) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | |
Lower | 24 | 26 | 29 | 28 | 30 | 29 |
Upper | 32 | 29 | 41 | 48 | 40 | 50 |
Critical Diameter [m] | Features of the Photovoltaic System: Polycrystalline Silicon Modules-Northern Italy | |||||
Roundabout Only (High Mast Poles) | Roundabout Only (Poles) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | |
Lower | 25 | 27 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 |
Upper | 37 | 33 | -. | - | - | - |
Critical Diameter [m] | Features of the Photovoltaic System: Polycrystalline Silicon Modules-Central Italy | |||||
Roundabout Only (High Mast Poles) | Roundabout Only (Poles) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | |
Lower | 25 | 26 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 |
Upper | 36 | 32 | 47 | - | - | - |
Critical Diameter [m] | Features of the Photovoltaic System: Polycrystalline Silicon Modules-Southern Italy | |||||
Roundabout Only (High Mast Poles) | Roundabout Only (Poles) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (High Mast Pole) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Single-Sided Arrangement) | Roundabout (Poles) and Legs (Double-Sided Arrangement) | |
Lower | 25 | 26 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 |
Upper | 35 | 31 | 45 | - | 46 | - |
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Leonardi, S.; Tina, G.M.; Distefano, N. Photovoltaic Roundabouts for Enhancement of Self-Sufficiency and Resiliency. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2022, 5, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5030046
Leonardi S, Tina GM, Distefano N. Photovoltaic Roundabouts for Enhancement of Self-Sufficiency and Resiliency. Applied System Innovation. 2022; 5(3):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5030046
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeonardi, Salvatore, Giuseppe Marco Tina, and Natalia Distefano. 2022. "Photovoltaic Roundabouts for Enhancement of Self-Sufficiency and Resiliency" Applied System Innovation 5, no. 3: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5030046