How Can the Circular Economy Contribute to Resolving Social Housing Challenges?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Review Approach
2.2. Stages of Systematic Review Protocol
2.2.1. Planning
- Exploring the most-used terms in academic bases related to SH and the CE.
- Selecting, through an SLR, documents that deal with SH and relate to CE principles.
- Listing the study themes covered in SH studies related to the CE.
- Listing which Circular Economy principles have been addressed in studies on social housing.
- Listing the main proposals made in the documents.
- Identifying potential future gaps and opportunities to fuel the process towards a CE in the SH sector.
2.2.2. Proceedings
2.2.3. Analysis
- Develop sustainable construction practices such as industrialised building systems (IBSs) and prefabricated and precast construction; modular construction; green buildings (GBs); Industry 4.0 technologies; Internet of Things (IoT); Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Digital Twin; sound insulation; social innovations; nature-based solutions; rainwater solutions; sustainable design; environmental product declarations (EPDs); Passive House; green roof; embodied energy; embodied carbon; passport material; water reuse, alternative water supply systems, water consumption and living labs; Circular Materials (CMs); clean technology; Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB); refurbishment; retrofit; use adaptation; renewable energy sources, Design for Adaptability (DfA); Design for Disassembly (DfD); Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); Life Cycle Costing (LCC); Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA); social innovation (SI); decision-making methods; Key Performance Indicators (KPIs); and seismic systems, among others.
- Promote more-efficient thermal comfort systems, such as efficient lighting; Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning systems (HVAC); Photovoltaic/Thermal systems (PV/T); building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs); low-energy-consumption heating and cooling systems; Life Cycle Energy (LCE); and energy assessment methods, among others.
- Minimise waste such as reuse; recycle; redesign; remanufacturing; recover; composting; and construction and demolition waste (CDW).
- Protect and preserve the natural environment, such as protecting green areas; recovering degraded ecosystems; promoting biodiversity; Urban Agriculture (AU); permeabilisation; open spaces; green areas, and indigenous housing, among others.
- Advance sustainable public policies such as land-use and occupancy policies; social housing policies; social value creation (SVC); Public–Private Partnership (PPP); citizen engagement; participatory design; incremental architecture; accessibility; triple helix; self-construction programs; health conditions; energy poverty; user behaviour; user satisfaction; property laws; public services; government incentives; rental social housing; heritage; multi-stakeholders; technical regulation; and neighbourhood concerns, among others.
3. Results
3.1. Study Themes
3.2. Circular Economy Principles
3.3. Proposals
4. Discussion
- Analysis of ecological indicator systems, sustainable regional/urban planning, and existing green building programs [156]. To this end, updates to sustainability regulations (parameters, regulations, laws, regulations, codes, public policies) in the built environment are necessary, focusing on meeting local needs, such as making sustainability indicators more flexible in areas with low-income residents.
- An important point that must be highlighted in this discussion is the implementation of prefabricated building systems. The theme of industrialised building systems (IBSs) and prefabrication deserve more attention regarding the development and current status of prefabrication techniques, their application in the social housing building sector, and why their use still needs improvement.
- It was also noted that the concepts of Design for Adaptability (DfA); Design for Disassembly (DfD); and material passports needed more space in research.
- Concerning construction and demolition waste in particular (CDW), little has been investigated in terms of the use of this waste integrated into recovery solutions for SH studies and in the production of new SH units.
- Regarding studies on the quality of the surrounding environment, shared spaces, neighbourhoods, green areas, and the recovery of degraded environments, more must be dedicated to studying them parallel to the housing itself.
- Still, little has been studied about sanitation infrastructure, mobility, and accessibility and how they are essential for the sustainability of environments. This literature review clearly shows that the reality of concerns and priorities regarding the provision and maintenance of SH are different in different regions of the globe.
5. Conclusions
- The five most-studied themes are public policies, decision-making methods, retrofit/refurbishment, thermal efficiency, and Life Cycle Assessment/Costing (LCA/LCC).
- The five main Circular Economy principles addressed are sustainable construction practices, advancing sustainable public policies, more-efficient thermal comfort systems, minimising waste, and protecting and preserving the natural environment.
- The main contribution proposals provided by these studies are users’ orientation, energy-efficiency measures, and social housing policies.
- Regarding gaps found in this RSL, the most notorious are cultural sustainability criteria and indicators, the implementation of prefabricated building systems; Design for Adaptability (DfA) and Design for Disassembly (DfD) studies, and material passport evolution.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Protocol | Stages Protocol Steps | Research Aspects |
---|---|---|
1. Planning | Background to review | Problem: Solve the social housing crisis based on CE principles. |
Rationale: Circular Economy (CE) principles are available to help solve the social housing challenge. | ||
Initial RQ: How can the Circular Economy contribute to resolving social housing challenges? | ||
Objectives Statement | Primary objective: | |
1—Exploring the most-used terms related to SH and CE on an academic basis. | ||
2—Selecting, through an SLR, documents that deal with SH and relate to CE | ||
principles. | ||
3—Listing the study themes covered in SH studies related to CE. | ||
4—Listing which Circular Economy principles have been addressed in studies on social housing. | ||
5—Listing the main proposals made in the documents. | ||
6—Identifying potential future gaps and opportunities to fuel the process towards a CE in the SH sector. | ||
Sub-questions—Question problems: | ||
QP1. Which themes related to the Circular Economy have been studied in social housing research? | ||
QP2. Which Circular Economy principles have been addressed in studies on social housing? | ||
QP3. How can the construction sector contribute to a Circular Economy model addressing social housing challenges? | ||
QP4. What gaps remain in the relationship between social housing and the Circular Economy? | ||
2. Processing | Criteria for selecting studies | Context: social housing, social housing policies, circular economy, life cycle assessment, reused materials, recycled materials, refurbishment, material passports, designing for assembly, designing for disassembly, cradle-to-cradle, built environment, energy efficiency, sustainable urban development. |
Interventions, mechanisms, and outcomes: strategies, theories, practical examples, concepts, principles, guidelines, recommendations. | ||
Types of studies: both qualitative and quantitative. | ||
Search strategy for identification of studies | Databases: Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. | |
Timeframe: 2015 to the present time of the study. | ||
Keywords: social housing, public housing, housing estate, affordable house, circular economy, circular material, cradle-to-cradle. | ||
Language: English. | ||
Article type: indexed journal papers, conference proceedings, books, book chapters. | ||
Grey literature: included. | ||
3. Analysis | Eligibility | Inclusion/exclusion criteria: |
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
Quality appraisal | The paper is accepted only if approved by at least two of the three reviewers who assess its quality. | |
4. Extraction and Reporting | Data collection | The eligible articles are screened, analysed, and sorted by themes, environmental aims, proposals, and countries. Additional sources and studies are included. |
Results synthesis | Type of synthesis: interpreted through a descriptive and exploratory analysis of the bibliographical research content. |
Proposal | Description | Sources |
---|---|---|
1. Energy-efficiency measures | The most-cited propositions are about energy-efficiency measures: refurbishment of thermal and comfort performances; paying attention to overheating risk; thermal insulation alternatives; indoor environmental quality; prioritising passive design solutions; use of building orientation design; optimised facade effects; using of ceiling fans, shading, natural ventilation, and wall insulation; efficient HVAC systems; and efficient alternative hot water systems. | [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104] |
2. Users’ orientation | Citizens’ and users’ orientation about the advantages of investing in energy and thermal retrofit is essential. In order to develop citizen engagement, it is necessary to foster a participative design discussion with users about cost/benefits. | [8,77,84,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119] |
3. Social housing policies | Developing new or revised energy and social housing policies and technical regulations should count on the mandatory participation of citizens, non-profit housing organisations, and social housing providers from the public and private markets. | [31,51,87,93,107,112,114,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149] |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gomide, F.P.d.B.; Bragança, L.; Casagrande Junior, E.F. How Can the Circular Economy Contribute to Resolving Social Housing Challenges? Appl. Syst. Innov. 2024, 7, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7020021
Gomide FPdB, Bragança L, Casagrande Junior EF. How Can the Circular Economy Contribute to Resolving Social Housing Challenges? Applied System Innovation. 2024; 7(2):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7020021
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomide, Fernanda Paes de Barros, Luís Bragança, and Eloy Fassi Casagrande Junior. 2024. "How Can the Circular Economy Contribute to Resolving Social Housing Challenges?" Applied System Innovation 7, no. 2: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7020021
APA StyleGomide, F. P. d. B., Bragança, L., & Casagrande Junior, E. F. (2024). How Can the Circular Economy Contribute to Resolving Social Housing Challenges? Applied System Innovation, 7(2), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7020021