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Review

The Neuroimmunological Nexus of Multiple Sclerosis: Deciphering the Microglial Transcriptomic Tapestry

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Neuroglia 2024, 5(3), 234-253; https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia5030017 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 12 June 2024 / Revised: 11 July 2024 / Accepted: 16 July 2024 / Published: 20 July 2024

Abstract

Microglia are poorly understood immune cells of the central nervous system that play a determining role in the progression of multiple sclerosis. With the advent of genomic techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing and single-nucleus RNA sequencing, a more comprehensive understanding of microglia at the transcriptomic level has uncovered various disease-specific clusters, context-dependent heterogeneity, and region-specific microglia, unlocking the recondite secrets embedded within these glial cells. These techniques have raised questions regarding the conventional and widely accepted categorization of microglia as M1 and M2 phenotypes. The neuroimmune component of multiple sclerosis, which is the microglia, makes it a complex and challenging disease. This review aims to demystify the complexities of microglia in multiple sclerosis, providing a vivid map of different clusters and subclusters of microglia found in multiple sclerosis and outlining the current knowledge of the distinctive roles of microglia. Also, this review highlights the neuroimmune interaction with microglia as the epicenter and how they act as sabotaging agents. Moreover, this will provide a more comprehensive direction toward a treatment approach focusing on local, region-specific microglia.
Keywords: multiple sclerosis; microglia; transcriptome; heterogeneity; neuroimmune interactions; cellular microenvironment multiple sclerosis; microglia; transcriptome; heterogeneity; neuroimmune interactions; cellular microenvironment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jha, A.; Kumar, H. The Neuroimmunological Nexus of Multiple Sclerosis: Deciphering the Microglial Transcriptomic Tapestry. Neuroglia 2024, 5, 234-253. https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia5030017

AMA Style

Jha A, Kumar H. The Neuroimmunological Nexus of Multiple Sclerosis: Deciphering the Microglial Transcriptomic Tapestry. Neuroglia. 2024; 5(3):234-253. https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia5030017

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jha, Akanksha, and Hemant Kumar. 2024. "The Neuroimmunological Nexus of Multiple Sclerosis: Deciphering the Microglial Transcriptomic Tapestry" Neuroglia 5, no. 3: 234-253. https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia5030017

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