Influence of Soil and Manure Management Practices on Surface Runoff Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loss in a Corn Silage Production System: A Paired Watershed Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Site
2.2. Field Treatments and Agronomic Considerations
2.3. Hydrology and Runoff Measurements
2.4. Nutrient and Runoff Water Quality Measures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Weather and Corn Silage Yield
3.2. Runoff Water Quantity
3.3. Runoff Water Quality
3.4. Research Implications
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Manure | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Event | Nutrient † | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
Fall Rye Planting (M2/RSMT ‡) | 3 October | 8 October | 7 October | 4 October | ||
Fall Manure Application | 3 November | 10 November | 4 November | 9 November | ||
(M1/FMT; M3/FMST; M4/BFMT) | kg ha−1 | |||||
N | 200 | 164 | 59 | 130 | ||
P | 28 | 29 | 10 | 24 | ||
K | 86 | 152 | 81 | 143 | ||
NH4-N | 96 | 85 | 35 | 65 | ||
DM | 8715 | 6303 | 1085 | 5570 | ||
Spring Manure Application | 8 May | 27 April | 27 May | 1 May | ||
(M2/RSMT) | kg ha−1 | |||||
N | 204 | 157 | 147 | 136 | ||
P | 25 | 27 | 26 | 22 | ||
K | 114 | 148 | 134 | 19 | ||
NH4-N | 94 | 67 | 70 | 64 | ||
DM | 9718 | 10531 | 5350 | 3992 | ||
Corn Planting (all watersheds) | 11 May | 28 April | 31 May | |||
Sidedress N (kg ha−1) | 39 | 71 | 42; 92 †‡ | |||
Corn Silage Harvest (all watersheds) | 30 September | 14 September | 5 October |
Month | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | Average 1981–2010 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | Average 1981–2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
°C | cm | |||||||||||||||
January | −6.8 | −10.7 | −14.4 | −7.9 | −11.1 | −6.9 | −9.1 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 2.29 | ||
February | −11.8 | −11.6 | −6.3 | −5.2 | −7.9 | −4.2 | −6.7 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 2.13 | ||
March | 1.0 | −4.8 | −1.3 | 3.6 | −2.5 | 7.3 | −0.6 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 4.45 | ||
April | 6.1 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 10.6 | 5.2 | 7.4 | 7.2 | 2.7 | 10.7 | 7.3 | 2.0 | 9.0 | 5.8 | 7.11 | ||
May | 14.9 | 11.5 | 13.7 | 14.6 | 12.7 | 13.7 | 10.3 | 8.4 | 9.4 | 5.8 | 8.1 | 9.32 | ||||
June | 19.4 | 17.9 | 18.2 | 18.6 | 18.4 | 18.9 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 6.0 | 13.2 | 10.5 | 11.3 | ||||
July | 20.7 | 20.6 | 18.2 | 22.2 | 23.1 | 21.2 | 7.9 | 10.7 | 1.2 | 25.1 | 20.7 | 10.1 | ||||
August | 20.2 | 19.3 | 18.9 | 21.8 | 20.8 | 20.1 | 11.0 | 4.6 | 16.6 | 8.8 | 6.9 | 10.9 | ||||
September | 13.4 | 15.9 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 15.4 | 2.2 | 10.3 | 3.8 | 1.0 | 19.5 | 9.2 | 10.0 | ||
October | 5.6 | 11.6 | 8.3 | 5.4 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 8.6 | 4.7 | 10.7 | 3.2 | 12.8 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 6.63 | ||
November | 2.2 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 4.6 | −9.2 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 0 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 5.64 | ||
December | −3.6 | −9.1 | −11.3 | −7.5 | −16.8 | −4.4 | −6.8 | 4.8 | 7.6 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 0 | 3.4 | 3.18 | ||
Average Temperature or Total Precipitation | 6.9 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 13.9 | 78.3 | 67 | 66.9 | 87.2 | 84.2 | 12.5 | 83.1 |
Measure | Treatment † | Calibration Period Mean | Treatment Period Mean | Predicted Treatment Mean | Change ‡ | Mean p-Value †‡ | Calibration Period Slope | Treatment Period Slope | Slope p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mm | % | ||||||||
Mean Surface Runoff | FMT | 4.5 | 5.0 | ||||||
BFMT | 5.5 | 6.3 | 6.44 | −2 | NS | 1.32 | 0.91 | + | |
RSMT | 3.99 | 8.9 | 3.86 | 131 | * | 0.92 | 1.41 | + | |
FMST | 4.67 | 7.0 | 5.19 | 34 | # | 0.88 | 0.82 | NS | |
mg L−1 | |||||||||
Suspended Sediment | FMT | 3560 | 953 | ||||||
BFMT | 2375 | 405 | 828 | −48 | ** | 0.68 | 0.28 | + | |
RSMT | 2975 | 390 | 766 | −44 | ** | 0.87 | 0.39 | # | |
FMST | 1210 | 316 | 431 | −26 | ** | 0.29 | 0.27 | NS | |
Total P | FMT | 3.87 | 1.48 | ||||||
BFMT | 3.33 | 0.93 | 1.62 | −39 | ** | 0.87 | 0.30 | * | |
RSMT | 3.56 | 0.89 | 1.44 | −40 | ** | 0.85 | 0.43 | # | |
FMST | 1.67 | 1.18 | 0.69 | 46 | + | 0.46 | 0.20 | + | |
Dissolved Reactive P | FMT | 0.05 | 0.1 | ||||||
BFMT | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 88 | ** | 0.61 | 0.33 | NS | |
RSMT | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.08 | −30 | NS | 0.71 | 0.48 | NS | |
FMST | 0.06 | 0.54 | 0.09 | 312 | ** | 0.57 | 1.15 | NS | |
Total N | FMT | 23.8 | 10.3 | ||||||
BFMT | 17.7 | 7.00 | 9.89 | −27 | ** | 0.73 | 0.58 | NS | |
RSMT | 23.0 | 6.22 | 14.0 | −54 | ** | 0.60 | 0.24 | * | |
FMST | 12.1 | 7.30 | 8.57 | −23 | ** | 0.28 | 0.23 | NS | |
Nitrate-N | FMT | 9.9 | 4.40 | ||||||
BFMT | 6.39 | 2.98 | 3.75 | −21 | ** | 0.63 | 0.80 | NS | |
RSMT | 10.4 | 2.34 | 4.99 | −48 | ** | 0.86 | 0.07 | ** | |
FMST | 5.61 | 2.43 | 4.58 | −55 | ** | 0.25 | 0.13 | NS | |
Ammonium-N | FMT | 1.03 | 0.71 | ||||||
BFMT | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 8 | NS | 0.84 | 0.46 | + | |
RSMT | 0.82 | 0.40 | 0.54 | −24 | ** | 0.73 | 0.13 | * | |
FMST | 0.58 | 1.42 | 0.45 | 184 | ** | 0.57 | 0.73 | NS |
Measure | Treatment † | Calibration Period Mean | Treatment Period Mean | Predicted Treatment Mean | Change ‡ | Mean p-Value †‡ | Calibration Period Slope | Treatment Period Slope | Slope p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg ha−1 | % | ||||||||
Suspended Sediment | FMT | 146 | 111 | ||||||
BFMT | 107 | 43.7 | 96.4 | −55 | * | 0.35 | 0.39 | NS | |
RSMT | 113 | 60 | 54.5 | 10 | NS | 0.72 | 0.95 | + | |
FMST | 52.8 | 38.5 | 41.6 | −8 | NS | 0.34 | 0.33 | NS | |
Total P | FMT | 0.15 | 0.14 | ||||||
BFMT | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.12 | −28 | NS | 0.72 | 0.49 | + | |
RSMT | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 20 | NS | 0.85 | 1.01 | NS | |
FMST | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 39 | NS | 0.44 | 0.41 | NS | |
Dissolved Reactive P | FMT | 0.002 | 0.006 | ||||||
BFMT | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 15 | ** | 1.06 | 0.29 | ** | |
RSMT | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 3 | + | 0.85 | 0.28 | ** | |
FMST | 0.003 | 0.030 | 0.006 | 376 | ** | 0.91 | 2.54 | NS | |
Total N | FMT | 1.12 | 0.77 | ||||||
BFMT | 1.01 | 0.48 | 0.73 | −34 | * | 0.85 | 0.50 | + | |
RSMT | 0.96 | 0.61 | 0.47 | 28 | NS | 0.82 | 0.96 | NS | |
FMST | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 5 | NS | 0.36 | 0.33 | NS | |
Nitrate-N | FMT | 0.51 | 0.21 | ||||||
BFMT | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.25 | −41 | ** | 0.86 | 0.45 | # | |
RSMT | 0.48 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 13 | + | 0.88 | 0.30 | + | |
FMST | 0.29 | 0.09 | 0.17 | −46 | ** | 0.36 | 0.10 | # | |
Ammonium-N | FMT | 0.07 | 0.05 | ||||||
BFMT | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −22 | # | 1.39 | 0.15 | * | |
RSMT | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 25 | NS | 0.86 | 0.14 | + | |
FMST | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 197 | * | 0.41 | 0.13 | # |
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Sherman, J.F.; Young, E.O.; Jokela, W.E.; Casler, M.D.; Coblentz, W.K.; Cavadini, J. Influence of Soil and Manure Management Practices on Surface Runoff Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loss in a Corn Silage Production System: A Paired Watershed Approach. Soil Syst. 2021, 5, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5010001
Sherman JF, Young EO, Jokela WE, Casler MD, Coblentz WK, Cavadini J. Influence of Soil and Manure Management Practices on Surface Runoff Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loss in a Corn Silage Production System: A Paired Watershed Approach. Soil Systems. 2021; 5(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleSherman, Jessica F., Eric O. Young, William E. Jokela, Michael D. Casler, Wayne K. Coblentz, and Jason Cavadini. 2021. "Influence of Soil and Manure Management Practices on Surface Runoff Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loss in a Corn Silage Production System: A Paired Watershed Approach" Soil Systems 5, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5010001