Surface Thermodynamic Properties of Styrene–Divinylbenzene Copolymer Modified by Supramolecular Structure of Melamine Using Inverse Gas Chromatography
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Adsorbent and Materials
2.2. Inverse Gas Chromatography
2.3. Thermodynamic Methods
2.3.1. Dispersive and Polar Energies, and Lewis Acid–Base Parameters
2.3.2. London Dispersive Surface Energy, and Lewis Acid–Base Surface Energies
3. Results
3.1. Variations in of Adsorbed Probes Against the Temperature
- where
3.2. London Dispersive Surface Energy of Dowex L-285 with Different Melamine Percentages
3.3. Polar Free Interaction Energy of Dowex L-285 Modified by Melamine with the Polar Probes
- The free polar energies, of interaction between the solids and the organic solvents can be globally classified in increasing order of interaction energy with the various polar probes at all temperatures: cyclohexane < benzene < toluene < ethyl acetate < i-butanol < n-butanol < ethanol < n-propanol < dichloromethane < i-propanol.
- The highest free interaction energy was obtained for 4% melamine on Dowex L-285 for the following polar molecules in increasing order: cyclohexane < benzene < toluene < n-butanol < ethanol < n-propanol.
- However, a maximum of free interaction energy was observed for 2% melamine on Dowex L-285 for the other polar solvents such as dichloromethane, i-propanol, and i-butanol.
- It was proved that the alcohol molecules exchanged the maximum free interaction energy with the various solid surfaces, and especially with 4% melamine, while the minimum interaction was observed in the case of adsorption on Dowex L-285.
- The above results show that the modification of the copolymer Dowex L-285 by melamine increased the polar free interaction.
3.4. Polar Enthalpy and Entropy of Adsorption, and Lewis Acid–Base Parameters of Dowex L-285 Modified by Melamine
3.5. Polar Acid–Base Surface Energies of Dowex L-285 Modified by Melamine
3.6. Determination of the Average Separation Distance H
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Solid Material | (mJ/m2) | R2 | (mJ m−2 K−1) | (mJ/m2) | (mJ/m2) | (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dowex L-285 | = −0.835 T + 482.43 | 0.9980 | −0.835 | 482.43 | 233.47 | 577.8 |
1% Melamine | = −0.907 T + 496.21 | 0.9972 | −0.907 | 496.21 | 225.79 | 547.1 |
2% Melamine | = −0.656 T + 341.59 | 0.9590 | −0.656 | 341.59 | 146.12 | 521.0 |
3% Melamine | = −0.827 T + 439.96 | 0.9608 | −0.827 | 439.96 | 193.51 | 532.3 |
4% Melamine | = −0.876 T + 473.64 | 0.9735 | −0.876 | 473.64 | 212.40 | 540.6 |
Material | KA | KD | KD/KA | KA + KD | R2 | 10−3ωA | 10−3ωD | ωD/ωA | 10−3 (ωA + ωD) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dowex L-285 | 0.550 | 0.844 | 1.53 | 1.393 | 0.999 | 1.05 | 0.55 | 0.5 | 1.59 | 0.9968 |
1% Melamine on Dowex L-285 | 0.164 | 1.455 | 8.85 | 1.620 | 0.9783 | 0.09 | 2.81 | 30.2 | 2.90 | 0.9316 |
2% Melamine on Dowex L-285 | 0.160 | 2.137 | 13.38 | 2.297 | 0.9989 | 0.22 | 4.00 | 18.5 | 4.21 | 0.9520 |
3% Melamine on Dowex L-285 | 0.193 | 3.263 | 16.90 | 3.456 | 0.9938 | 0.22 | 6.30 | 28.0 | 6.52 | 0.9695 |
4% Melamine on Dowex L-285 | 0.218 | 3.401 | 15.58 | 3.619 | 0.9276 | 0.34 | 5.00 | 14.8 | 5.34 | 0.9702 |
Dichloromethane | |||||
T(K) | Dowex L-285 | 1% Melamine | 2% Melamine | 3% Melamine | 4% Melamine |
453.15 | 15.274 | 15.609 | 24.349 | 9.737 | 16.294 |
458.15 | 15.239 | 15.559 | 24.294 | 9.352 | 16.452 |
463.15 | 15.204 | 15.509 | 24.239 | 8.967 | 16.012 |
468.15 | 15.169 | 15.459 | 24.184 | 8.582 | 15.989 |
473.15 | 15.134 | 15.409 | 24.129 | 8.197 | 12.318 |
Ethyl Acetate | |||||
T(K) | Dowex L-285 | 1% Melamine | 2% Melamine | 3% Melamine | 4% Melamine |
453.15 | 10.106 | 8.503 | 9.667 | 10.567 | 39.887 |
458.15 | 9.593 | 8.378 | 9.507 | 10.314 | 38.842 |
463.15 | 9.079 | 8.253 | 9.347 | 10.060 | 37.077 |
468.15 | 8.566 | 8.128 | 9.187 | 9.807 | 35.814 |
473.15 | 8.052 | 8.003 | 9.027 | 9.553 | 30.163 |
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Hamieh, T.; Gus'kov, V.Y. Surface Thermodynamic Properties of Styrene–Divinylbenzene Copolymer Modified by Supramolecular Structure of Melamine Using Inverse Gas Chromatography. Chemistry 2024, 6, 830-851. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry6050050
Hamieh T, Gus'kov VY. Surface Thermodynamic Properties of Styrene–Divinylbenzene Copolymer Modified by Supramolecular Structure of Melamine Using Inverse Gas Chromatography. Chemistry. 2024; 6(5):830-851. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry6050050
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamieh, Tayssir, and Vladimir Yu Gus'kov. 2024. "Surface Thermodynamic Properties of Styrene–Divinylbenzene Copolymer Modified by Supramolecular Structure of Melamine Using Inverse Gas Chromatography" Chemistry 6, no. 5: 830-851. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry6050050