Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Solution Preparation
2.2. Exposure to Temperatures
2.3. Exposure to pH 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10
2.4. Exposure to Sunlight
2.5. Matrix Elimination and Pre-Concentration in seaFAST
2.6. Gd Quantification
2.7. Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Temperature
3.2. Effect of pH
3.2.1. Exposure to pH 4, 6, 8, 10
3.2.2. Exposure to pH 2
3.3. Effect of Solar Radiation
4. Discussion
4.1. Temperature
4.2. pH
4.3. Salinity
4.4. Solar Radiation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Exposure Days | UV Daily Mean Irradiance (W/m2) |
---|---|
1st day | 39.2 |
2nd day | 38.5 |
3rd day | 37.8 |
4th day | 36.5 |
Temperature 15 °C | Temperature 40 °C | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salinity (PSU) | Exposure Time (Days) | [Gd]free (μg/L) | [Gd]total (μg/L) | Salinity (PSU) | Exposure Time (Days) | [Gd]free (μg/L) | [Gd]total (μg/L) |
0 | 0 | <LODm | 1.14 ± 0.02 | 0 | 0 | <LODm | 1.19 ± 0.02 |
1 | 1 | ||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||
3 | 3 | ||||||
4 | 4 | ||||||
18 | 0 | <LODm | 1.02 ± 0.02 | 18 | 0 | <LODm | 1.04 ± 0.03 |
1 | 1 | ||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||
3 | 3 | ||||||
4 | 4 | ||||||
36 | 0 | <LODm | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 36 | 0 | <LODm | 1.05 ± 0.05 |
1 | 1 | ||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||
3 | 3 | ||||||
4 | 4 |
Salinity (PSU) | pH | Exposure Time (Days) | [Gd]free (μg/L) | [Gd]total (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4 | 0 | <LODm <LOQm | 1.12 ± 0.02 |
36 | ||||
6 | 0 | <LODm | ||
36 | ||||
8 | 0 | |||
36 | ||||
18 | 4 | 0 | <LODm <LOQm | 1.04 ± 0.03 |
36 | ||||
6 | 0 | <LODm | ||
36 | ||||
8 | 0 | |||
36 | ||||
36 | 4 | 0 | <LODm <LOQm | 1.00 ± 0.04 |
36 | ||||
6 | 0 | <LODm | ||
36 | ||||
8 | 0 | |||
36 |
Salinity (PSU) | Exposure Times (Days) | [Gd]free (μg/L) | [Gd]total (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | <LODm | 1.09 ± 0.02 |
1 | |||
2 | |||
3 | |||
4 | |||
36 | |||
18 | 0 | <LODm | 1.00 ± 0.05 |
1 | |||
2 | |||
3 | |||
4 | |||
36 | |||
36 | 0 | <LODm | 0.95 ± 0.03 |
1 | |||
2 | |||
3 | |||
4 | |||
36 |
Salinity (PSU) | Exposure Time (Days) | [Gd]average (μg/L) | [Gd]total (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | <LOQm | 1.12 ± 0.02 |
36 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | ||
1 | <LOQm | 1.15 ± 0.02 | |
2 | <LOQm | ||
3 | <LOQm | ||
4 | 0.007 ± 3 × 10−4 | ||
18 | 0.037 ± 0.001 | ||
18 | 0 | <LOQm | 1.04 ± 0.03 |
36 | 0.074 ± 0.001 | ||
1 | <LOQm | 1.04 ± 0.02 | |
2 | <LOQm | ||
3 | <LOQm | ||
4 | 0.006 ± 1 × 10−4 | ||
18 | 0.030 ± 0.001 | ||
36 | 0 | <LOQm | 1.00 ± 0.04 |
36 | 0.039 ± 4 × 10−4 | ||
1 | <LOQm | 1.01 ± 0.05 | |
2 | 0.006 ± 3 × 10−5 | ||
3 | 0.008 ± 0.003 | ||
4 | 0.010 ± 8 × 10−5 | ||
18 | 0.031 ± 0.001 |
Salinity | Exposure Time (Days) | [Gd]free (μg/L) | [Gd]total (μg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | <LODm | 0.94 ± 0.02 |
24 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | |
48 | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 1.11 ± 0.03 | |
72 | 0.007 ± 0.001 | 1.13 ± 0.02 | |
96 | 0.007 ± 0.004 | 1.19 ± 0.01 | |
18 | 0 | <LODm | 0.91 ± 0.01 |
24 | 0.040 ± 0.0003 | 0.98 ± 0.01 | |
48 | 0.048 ± 0.002 | 1.19 ± 0.04 | |
72 | 0.052 ± 0.001 | 1.19 ± 0.02 | |
96 | 0.054 ± 0.001 | 1.28 ± 0.02 | |
36 | 0 | <LODm <LODm | 0.85 ± 0.01 |
24 | 0.93 ± 0.00 | ||
48 | <LOQm | 1.02 ± 0.01 | |
72 | 1.01 ± 0.02 | ||
96 | 1.09 ± 0.02 | ||
Control (S0) | 0 | <LODm | 0.91 ± 0.01 |
24 | 0.96 ± 0.01 | ||
48 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | ||
72 | 0.97 ± 0.01 | ||
96 | 1.00 ± 0.01 |
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Guerreiro, A.; Brito, P. Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions. Oceans 2023, 4, 381-393. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans4040026
Guerreiro A, Brito P. Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions. Oceans. 2023; 4(4):381-393. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans4040026
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerreiro, Ana, and Pedro Brito. 2023. "Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions" Oceans 4, no. 4: 381-393. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans4040026