Marble Chromatic Alteration Study Using Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques and Evaluation of the Most Suitable Cleaning Treatment: The Case of a Bust Representing Queen Margherita di Savoia at the U.S. Embassy in Rome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Non-Invasive Preliminary Analysis
2.2. Cleaning Tests
- Ability to effectively remove the particulate matter that has penetrated the porosity;
- Toxicological and chemical-physical properties in compliance with the principles of green chemistry;
- Selectivity towards the material to be removed to preserve the surface of the artwork;
- Ability to achieve maximum removal of the particulate matter by operating in the least invasive way possible;
- Easy application and ability to control the cleaning method.
Application Method
3. Results
3.1. Non-Invasive Preliminary Analysis
- Areas with a blue induced fluorescence could be related to superficial structural variations from calcium carbonate polymorphs. As Toffolo et al. showed in their work [35], calcium carbonate polymorphs like aragonite and pyrogenic calcite in fact have a visible fluorescence in the blue region (Figure 4a,b). Also, by varying light angles, the analysis showed different fluorescence colors, thus revealing the inorganic nature of the substance;
- A blue induced fluorescence located on the back and front of the sculpture reveals dripping residues of an unidentified product (Figure 4c,d);
- A yellowish induced fluorescence around the base corner may be related to an organic adhesive used in previous reintegration work (Figure 4e).
3.2. Cleaning Tests
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
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N. | Statue Areas | Analytical Techniques | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Colorimeter | Raman Spectroscopy | Reflectance Spectroscopy | ||
1 | Back left | X | X | X |
2 | Back right | X | X | X |
3 | Neck | X | X | |
4 | Left shoulder | X | X | |
5 | Left cheek | X | X | X |
6 | Left chest | X | X | |
7 | Chin | X | X | X |
8 | Dress | X | X | X |
9 | Hair | X | ||
10 | Right chest | X | ||
11 | Forehead | X |
ID | Product | Manufacturer |
---|---|---|
1 | Polar Varnish Rescue GEL | YOCOCU APS |
2 | Alkoxyde based surfactant | Sigma Aldritch |
3 | GLDA (5% in H2O w/v) | Nouryon |
4 | Disodium EDTA (5% in H2O w/v) | Sigma Aldritch |
5 | Politect base® | Politect |
6 | Deionized water as reference | - |
Point | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Description | Left back | Right back | Neck | Left shoulder | Left cheek | Left chest | Chin | Dress |
C.S. | #C1C0BE | #BDBCB9 | #A39F97 | #A09A8E | #A29D95 | #A6A298 | #A19C92 | #837D74 |
L* | 77.84 | 76.3 | 65.81 | 63.83 | 65.11 | 66.6 | 64.68 | 52.83 |
a* | −0.05 | −0.03 | 0.33 | 1.07 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 0.6 | 0.75 |
b* | 1.38 | 1.63 | 4.77 | 6.88 | 4.85 | 5.72 | 6.06 | 5.85 |
Statue Areas | Sample Bands (cm−1) |
---|---|
Left back | 280; 711; 1085 |
Right back | 282; 710; 1085 |
Left cheek | 281; 712; 1085 |
Chin | 282; 713; 1085 |
Dress | 281; 712; 1085 |
Hair | 281; 712; 1085 |
Statue Areas | Sample Bands (nm) |
---|---|
Left back | 1449; 1565; 1650; 1757; 1875; 1994; 2153; 2337; 2402 |
Right back | 1453; 1565; 1650; 1755; 1875; 1994; 2157; 2337; 2400 |
neck | 1475; 1567; 1650; 1757; 1875; 1996; 2157; 2335; 2400 |
Left shoulder | 1459; 1565; 1648; 1757; 1875; 1994; 2155; 2337; 2400 |
Left cheek | 1457; 1565; 1648; 1757; 1875; 1994; 2155; 2337; 2402 |
Left chest | 1461; 1565; 1648; 1757; 1875; 1996; 2155; 2337; 2398 |
Chin | 1465; 1567; 1650; 1757; 1875; 1996; 2155; 2337; 2400 |
Dress | 1455; 1565; 1650; 1757; 1875; 1996; 2157; 2339; 2396 |
Right chest | 1451; 1567; 1656; 1757; 1875; 1948; 1994; 2157; 2339; 2402 |
Forehead | 1449; 1567; 1654; 1759; 1875; 1994; 2157; 2337; 2404 |
Before Cleaning | After Cleaning | |
---|---|---|
1-Polar Varnish Rescue GEL | ||
2-Alkoxylated-based surfactant | ||
3-GLDA | ||
4-EDTA | ||
5-Politect base |
Polar Varnish Rescue | Alkoxylated-Based Surfactant | GLDA | EDTA | Politect® Base | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | Before | After | |
L* | 78.89 | 79.21 | 77.20 | 77.45 | 78.53 | 83.88 | 76.33 | 78.44 | 77.10 | 84.1 |
a* | 1.04 | 1.11 | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.02 | −0.04 | 1.11 | −0.07 | 1.02 | 0.83 |
b* | 2.90 | 2.61 | 2.60 | 2.71 | 2.40 | 0.81 | 2.44 | 3.63 | 2.63 | 1.63 |
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Macchia, A.; Cerafogli, E.; Rivaroli, L.; Colasanti, I.A.; Aureli, H.; Biribicchi, C.; Brunori, V. Marble Chromatic Alteration Study Using Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques and Evaluation of the Most Suitable Cleaning Treatment: The Case of a Bust Representing Queen Margherita di Savoia at the U.S. Embassy in Rome. Analytica 2022, 3, 406-429. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica3040028
Macchia A, Cerafogli E, Rivaroli L, Colasanti IA, Aureli H, Biribicchi C, Brunori V. Marble Chromatic Alteration Study Using Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques and Evaluation of the Most Suitable Cleaning Treatment: The Case of a Bust Representing Queen Margherita di Savoia at the U.S. Embassy in Rome. Analytica. 2022; 3(4):406-429. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica3040028
Chicago/Turabian StyleMacchia, Andrea, Eleonora Cerafogli, Laura Rivaroli, Irene Angela Colasanti, Hélène Aureli, Chiara Biribicchi, and Valeria Brunori. 2022. "Marble Chromatic Alteration Study Using Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques and Evaluation of the Most Suitable Cleaning Treatment: The Case of a Bust Representing Queen Margherita di Savoia at the U.S. Embassy in Rome" Analytica 3, no. 4: 406-429. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica3040028