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Article

Ximenia americana L.: Chemical Characterization and Gastroprotective Effect

by
Renata Torres Pessoa
1,
Isabel Sousa Alcântara
1,
Lucas Yure Santos da Silva
1,
Roger Henrique Souza da Costa
1,
Tarcísio Mendes Silva
1,
Cícera Datiane de Morais Oliveira-Tintino
2,
Andreza Guedes Barbosa Ramos
1,
Maria Rayane Correia de Oliveira
1,3,
Anita Oliveira Brito Pereira Bezerra Martins
1,
Bruna Caroline Gonçalves Vasconcelos de Lacerda
4,
Edlane Martins de Andrade
4,
Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
5,
Clara Mariana Gonçalves Lima
6,*,
Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
2,* and
Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
1,*
1
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil
2
Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Rua Coronel Antônio Luis 1161, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil
3
Graduate Program in Biotechnology-Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), State University of Ceará (UECE), Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza 60741-000, CE, Brazil
4
CECAPE College, Av. Padre Cícero, 3917, Juazeiro do Norte 63024-015, CE, Brazil
5
Department of Biotechnology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio, Fortaleza 60180-190, CE, Brazil
6
Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Analytica 2023, 4(2), 141-158; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica4020012
Submission received: 10 March 2023 / Revised: 19 April 2023 / Accepted: 26 April 2023 / Published: 30 April 2023
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Abstract

Ximenia americana L., popularly known in Brazil as “ameixa do-mato, ameixa-brava, and ameixa-do-sertão,” is widely used in folk medicine to treat several intestinal disorders. The present study assessed the potential mechanisms of action underlying the gastroprotective activity of the hydroethanolic extract of Ximenia americana L. (EHXA) stem bark. The acute toxicity of EHXA was estimated, and later, the gastroprotective effect in mice was assessed through acute models of gastric lesions induced by acidified or absolute ethanol and indomethacin, where the following mechanisms were pharmacologically analyzed: the involvement of prostaglandins (PG), histamine (H2) receptors, ATP-dependent potassium channels, sulfhydryl groups (SH), α2 adrenergic receptors, nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), gastric mucus production, and acetylcholine-mediated intestinal motility. Regarding toxicity, EHXA did not cause deaths or signs of toxicity (LD50 greater than or equal to 2000 mg/kg/p.o.). When the gastroprotective effect was assessed, EHXA (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/p.o.) reduced the rate of lesions induced by acidified ethanol by 65.63; 53.66, and 58.02% in absolute ethanol at 88.91, 78.82, and 74.68%, respectively, when compared to the negative control group. In the indomethacin-induced gastric injury model, the reductions were 84.69, 55.99, 55.99, and 42.50%, respectively. The study revealed that EHXA might stimulate mucus production and reduce intestinal motility through SH groups, NO production, and activation of α2 adrenergic receptors. The results indicated that EHXA had significant gastroprotective activity in the evaluated models. However, further investigation is required to elucidate the cellular and molecular events underlying the action of EHXA components and to correlate them with the modulation of the signaling pathways, as demonstrated by the current pharmacological approach. Therefore, the results demonstrated in the present study, as well as previously reported findings, support the recommendation of using this species in traditional communities in Brazil.
Keywords: Ximenia americana L.; EHXA; gastroprotective activity; preclinical research Ximenia americana L.; EHXA; gastroprotective activity; preclinical research

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pessoa, R.T.; Alcântara, I.S.; da Silva, L.Y.S.; da Costa, R.H.S.; Silva, T.M.; de Morais Oliveira-Tintino, C.D.; Ramos, A.G.B.; de Oliveira, M.R.C.; Martins, A.O.B.P.B.; de Lacerda, B.C.G.V.; et al. Ximenia americana L.: Chemical Characterization and Gastroprotective Effect. Analytica 2023, 4, 141-158. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica4020012

AMA Style

Pessoa RT, Alcântara IS, da Silva LYS, da Costa RHS, Silva TM, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, Ramos AGB, de Oliveira MRC, Martins AOBPB, de Lacerda BCGV, et al. Ximenia americana L.: Chemical Characterization and Gastroprotective Effect. Analytica. 2023; 4(2):141-158. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica4020012

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pessoa, Renata Torres, Isabel Sousa Alcântara, Lucas Yure Santos da Silva, Roger Henrique Souza da Costa, Tarcísio Mendes Silva, Cícera Datiane de Morais Oliveira-Tintino, Andreza Guedes Barbosa Ramos, Maria Rayane Correia de Oliveira, Anita Oliveira Brito Pereira Bezerra Martins, Bruna Caroline Gonçalves Vasconcelos de Lacerda, and et al. 2023. "Ximenia americana L.: Chemical Characterization and Gastroprotective Effect" Analytica 4, no. 2: 141-158. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica4020012

APA Style

Pessoa, R. T., Alcântara, I. S., da Silva, L. Y. S., da Costa, R. H. S., Silva, T. M., de Morais Oliveira-Tintino, C. D., Ramos, A. G. B., de Oliveira, M. R. C., Martins, A. O. B. P. B., de Lacerda, B. C. G. V., de Andrade, E. M., Ribeiro-Filho, J., Gonçalves Lima, C. M., Coutinho, H. D. M., & de Menezes, I. R. A. (2023). Ximenia americana L.: Chemical Characterization and Gastroprotective Effect. Analytica, 4(2), 141-158. https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica4020012

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