Doped Tin Dioxide (d-SnO2) and Its Nanostructures: Review of the Theoretical Aspects, Photocatalytic and Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. SnO2 Structural and Theoretical Aspects
2.1. Computational Tools and Density Functional Theory
2.2. SnO2 Theoretical Models
2.3. Doped SnO2 (d-SnO2)
3. SnO2 and d-SnO2 Photocatalysis
SnO2 and d-SnO2 Morphological Control and Its Impact on the Photocatalysis
4. SnO2 and d-SnO2 Applied to CO2 Reduction
5. SnO2 and Doped-SnO2 Nanostructures Applied to Fuels Desulfurization
6. Biological Applications
7. Further Applications and Future Challenges
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Doping | Synthesis Method | Morphology—Primary Structures to Hierarchical | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Ag | Sol-gel/electrospinning and calcination | Nanoparticles to Hollow nanofibres | [87] |
Al | Hydrothermal | Nanoparticles | [95] |
Bi | Hydrothermal | Nanoparticles | [4] |
Ce | Hydrothermal | Hollow spheres | [86] |
C | Combustion | faceted nanocrystals | [96] |
Co | Precipitation and hydrothermal | Nanoparticles | [97] |
Cr | Combustion | Nanoparticles | [98] |
Cu | Precipitation and calcination | Faceted nanocrystals | [99] |
Eu | Hydrothermal | Nanorods to flower-like | [100] |
Fe | Hydrolyses and hydrothermal | Nanoparticles to echinus-like | [101] |
La | Microemulsion and calcination | Nanoparticles | [102] |
Nb | Solvothermal | Faceted nanocrystals | [103] |
Ni | Solvothermal | Particles to microspheres | [104] |
Pd | Sol-gel and calcination | Particles to microspheres | [105] |
S | Thermal oxidation in air | Nanosheets to flower-like | [106] |
Sr | Sol-gel precipitation and calcination | Nanoparticles | [73] |
Ti | Precipitation and calcination | Nanoparticles | [107] |
V | Combustion | Nanoparticles | [108] |
W | Sol-gel and calcination | Nanoparticles | [109] |
Y | Hydrothermal | Nanoparticles | [110] |
Zn | Polyol and calcination | Nanoparticles | [111] |
Zr | Hydrothermal | Nanoparticles | [112] |
d-SnO2 Sample | Bacteria Species | ZOI (mm) | ZOI of Undoped Sample (mm) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Co-doped SnO2 NPs | Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Enterobacter spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 26 19 28 24 20 | inactive inactive 10 inactive inactive | [19] |
Ce-doped SnO2 NPs | Escherichia coli | - | unanalysed | [156] |
Zr-doped SnO2 NPs | Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli | 5 ± 0.5 7 ± 0.5 | 3 ± 1 4 ± 0.5 | [157] |
Zn-doped SnO2 NPs | Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli | 3 ± 0.5 8 ± 0.3 | 1 ± 1 4 ± 0.5 | [66] |
Ce-doped SnO2 NPs | Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli | 9 ± 1 5 ± 1 | 7 ± 0.5 4 ± 0.5 | [83] |
B-doped and B-Ag co-doped SnO2 NPs | Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli | 6–13 13–15 | unanalysed unanalysed | [158] |
Ni-doped SnO2 NPs | Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli | 14–18 16–20 | 13 14 | [159] |
Co-doped SnO2 NPs | Escherichia coli Bacillus subtilis | 16 ± 0.8 22 ± 1.6 | unanalysed unanalysed | [153] |
Ag-doped SnO2 NPs | Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Aeronomous hydrophila Shigella flexineri | 8 12–13 6–8 10–15 | unanalysed unanalysed unanalysed unanalysed | [160] |
Cu-doped SnO2 NPs | Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus | 12–19 10–18 | unanalysed unanalysed | [161] |
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Pinto, A.H.; Nogueira, A.E.; Dalmaschio, C.J.; Frigini, I.N.; de Almeida, J.C.; Ferrer, M.M.; Berengue, O.M.; Gonçalves, R.A.; de Mendonça, V.R. Doped Tin Dioxide (d-SnO2) and Its Nanostructures: Review of the Theoretical Aspects, Photocatalytic and Biomedical Applications. Solids 2022, 3, 327-360. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids3020024
Pinto AH, Nogueira AE, Dalmaschio CJ, Frigini IN, de Almeida JC, Ferrer MM, Berengue OM, Gonçalves RA, de Mendonça VR. Doped Tin Dioxide (d-SnO2) and Its Nanostructures: Review of the Theoretical Aspects, Photocatalytic and Biomedical Applications. Solids. 2022; 3(2):327-360. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids3020024
Chicago/Turabian StylePinto, Alexandre H., Andre E. Nogueira, Cleocir J. Dalmaschio, Iago N. Frigini, Jéssica C. de Almeida, Mateus M. Ferrer, Olivia M. Berengue, Rosana A. Gonçalves, and Vagner R. de Mendonça. 2022. "Doped Tin Dioxide (d-SnO2) and Its Nanostructures: Review of the Theoretical Aspects, Photocatalytic and Biomedical Applications" Solids 3, no. 2: 327-360. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids3020024