Autopsy by Imaging: The Last 10 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Challenges of Traditional Autopsies
2. General Overview of Imaging in Autopsy
2.1. PMCT
2.2. PMMR
2.3. Overview of the VA Procedure
2.4. VA vs. TA
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. VA: The Strengths
4.2. VA: The Weaknesses
5. Discussion
5.1. Sensitivity vs. Specificity
5.2. The Current Potential Uses for VA
5.3. The Challenges of VA
5.4. Limitations of This Review
6. Emerging Techniques for VA
6.1. PM Angiography
6.2. Pulmonary Emboli—A Major Pitfall of VA
6.3. VA-Guided Biopsies
6.4. PM Micro-CT
6.5. PM Ultrasonography
6.6. Toxicological Deaths
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Relatively Sensitive | Relatively Non-Sensitive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lesion | PMCT | PMMR | PMCT | PMMR |
Bony injuries | ||||
General fractures | [1,9,16,23,24,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42] | [41] | ||
Rib fractures | [36,40,42,43] | [18] | ||
Free gases and fluids | ||||
Gas accumulations e.g., pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum | [9,16,23,30,31,33,34,36,38,40,42,44] | [18] | ||
Large fluid collections e.g., haemothorax, haemopericardium, ascites | [1,16,23,24,30,31,33,34,42,45,46,47,48] | [16,18,24] | ||
Small blood collections | [9,23,33,45] | |||
Cardiac findings | ||||
Aortic ruptures | [38] | |||
Aortic dissection | [1] | [16] | [16] | |
Arterial and valvular calcifications | [1,16,24,34,45,46,49] | [24,49] | ||
Structural cardiac and coronary vascular information, e.g., structural abnormalities, arterial stenoses, atherosclerosis, coronary thromboses, cardiomyopathies | [1,24,29,31,34,35,36,50,51] | [24] | ||
Myocardial infarction | [16,24,52] | [1,16,24,31,46,49,50,53,54] | ||
Myocardial fibrosis | [36] | |||
Heart failure | [34] | |||
Infective endocarditis | [1] | |||
Cardiac cause of death (without specifying) * | [46] | [55] | ||
Pulmonary findings | ||||
Pulmonary embolism | [1,16,24,29,31,39,53,54] | [16,24] | ||
Pneumonia | [1,30,46,54] | [24,29,34,39] | [24] | |
Pulmonary oedema | [1,34] | |||
Pleural effusions | [30,31,34,36,40,46] | |||
Soft tissue injuries | ||||
Visceral/soft tissue lesions | [18,24,41,44] | [9,31,32,35,36,38,40] | ||
Intramuscular haemorrhage | [18,41] | [23,36] | ||
Gastrointestinal findings | ||||
Pancreatitis | [1] | |||
Gallstones | [1] | [24] | [24] | |
Cirrhosis/fatty liver | [1] | |||
GI ulcers | [1,24] | [24] | ||
GI ischaemia | [1] | [24] | [24] | |
GI haemorrhage | [30] | [29,34] | ||
Other findings | ||||
Intracranial findings, e.g., herniations and midline shifts, tumours, infarcts, abscesses, cerebral oedema | [1,23,31,45] | [16,49] | ||
Intervertebral/spinal findings | [23] | [37] | ||
Meningitis/encephalitis | [1] | |||
Neoplasms | [1,30,45] ** | |||
Abscesses | [1] | |||
Foreign bodies | [1,34,36] | |||
Sepsis | [24,29] | [24] | ||
Intoxication | [1,31,34,40,46] |
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Mercala, E.; Benbow, E.W. Autopsy by Imaging: The Last 10 Years. Forensic Sci. 2022, 2, 696-714. https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2040052
Mercala E, Benbow EW. Autopsy by Imaging: The Last 10 Years. Forensic Sciences. 2022; 2(4):696-714. https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2040052
Chicago/Turabian StyleMercala, Ellie, and Emyr Wyn Benbow. 2022. "Autopsy by Imaging: The Last 10 Years" Forensic Sciences 2, no. 4: 696-714. https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci2040052