Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological and Geochemical Background of the Area
3. Methods
3.1. Sampling Procedure
3.2. Analytical Procedure
- mg/L NH3 = ((mg/L NH3–N × percent NH3 of water sample at a given temperature and pH) ÷ 100) × 1.2 [27].
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter/ Location | Ammonia (mg/L) | Silica (mg/L) | Conductivity (µs/cm) | Salinity (ppt) | Alkalinity (eq/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 (Hot springs) | 0.145 | 47 | 2400 | 1.2 | 19 |
1 | 0.16 | 53.7 | 2550 | 1.4 | 20.7 |
2 | 0.15 | 49.6 | 2100 | 1.14 | 18.7 |
3 | 0.135 | 16 | 1450 | 0.8 | 17.0 |
4 | 0.087 | 7.5 | 375 | 0.6 | 4.6 |
5 | 0.08 | 5 | 210 | 0.56 | 4.0 |
6 (Lake) | 0.05 | 1.7 | 185 | 0.49 | 3.5 |
Parameter/ Location | Ammonia (mg/L) | Silica (mg/L) | Conductivity (µs/cm) | Salinity (ppt) | Alkalinity (eq/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 (Hot springs) | 0.15 | 53.7 | 2470 | 1.3 | 22.0 |
0.16 | 57.0 | 2450 | - | 23.8 | |
1 | 0.41 | 55.3 | 2670 | 1.26 | 22.0 |
2 | 0.58 | 54 | 2600 | 1.3 | 21.4 |
3 | 0.28 | 36 | 2050 | 1.0 | 19.0 |
4 | 0.13 | 10 | 540 | 0.74 | 16.0 |
5 | 0.08 | 5 | 210 | 0.6 | 10.0 |
6 (Lake) | 0 | 5 | 185 | 0.6 | 3.5 |
Parameter/ Location | Ammonia (mg/L) | Silica (mg/L) | Conductivity (µs/cm) | Salinity (ppt) | Alkalinity (eq/L) | Iron (mg/L) | Phosphate (mg/L) | Sulfate (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source | 0.152 | 52.57 | 2440 | 1.25 | 21.6 | 0.2 | 0.31 | 75.7 |
No | Chemicals | WHO (Min) | WHO (Max) | Hot Spring Data | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ammonia (mg/L) | 0.2 | 3 | 0.152 | [28,29] |
2 | Silica (mg/L) | - | 100 | 52.57 | [30] |
3 | Conductivity (µs/cm) | - | - | 2440 | |
4 | Salinity (ppt) | 0.3 | 1.7 | 1.25 | [28] |
5 | Alkalinity (eq/L) | 2.7 | 1668 | 21.6 | [28,31] |
6 | Iron (mg/L) | 0.5 | 50 | 0.2 | [29] |
7 | Phosphate (mg/L) | - | 5 | 0.31 | [29] |
8 | Sulfate (mg/L) | - | 500 | 75.7 | [29] |
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Hategekimana, F.; Mugerwa, T.; Nsengiyumva, C.; Byiringiro, F.V.; Rwatangabo, D.E.R. Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda. AppliedChem 2022, 2, 247-258. https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem2040017
Hategekimana F, Mugerwa T, Nsengiyumva C, Byiringiro FV, Rwatangabo DER. Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda. AppliedChem. 2022; 2(4):247-258. https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem2040017
Chicago/Turabian StyleHategekimana, Francois, Theophile Mugerwa, Cedrick Nsengiyumva, Fils Vainqueur Byiringiro, and Digne Edmond Rwabuhungu Rwatangabo. 2022. "Geochemical Characterization of Nyamyumba Hot Springs, Northwest Rwanda" AppliedChem 2, no. 4: 247-258. https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem2040017