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Review

Small Indigenous Fish: A Potential Source of Valuable Nutrients in the Context of Bangladesh

by
Md Rakibul Islam
1,†,
Momota Yeasmin
1,†,
Sultana Sadia
1,†,
Md Sadek Ali
2,
Ahmed Redwan Haque
2 and
Vikash Chandra Roy
1,3,*
1
Department of Fisheries Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
2
Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
3
Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Hydrobiology 2023, 2(1), 212-234; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010014
Submission received: 30 December 2022 / Revised: 13 January 2023 / Accepted: 3 February 2023 / Published: 6 February 2023
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Abstract

:
Peoples can readily and affordably obtain small indigenous fish species (SIS), with a maximum length of 25 cm, that can be found in niches in small bodies of water (such as canals, ponds, wetlands, streams, etc.). SIS contribute valuable and significant macro- and micronutrients in Bangladesh. SIS are excellent suppliers of vitamins and minerals. The main micronutrients are copper, iodine, iron, selenium, chromium, and zinc, which can help prevent mineral deficiency and enzymatic response in the human body. SIS, such as the mola (Amblypharyngodon mola), cotio (Osteobrama cotio), darkina (Esomus danricus), etc., are easily digestible by the human gut. Nutrients of these fish are quickly accessible by the intestine. These fish are comparatively cheap and easy to capture and promote the presence of particular vitamins in SIS, including A, D, E, and K, as well as vitamin B components. This review paper focuses on the SIS nutritional contribution and their efficacy of preventing malnutrition in developing countries such as Bangladesh and the whole world.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

A variety of native small fish species, as well as other fish, are available in natural resources, including beels, floodplains, open water ponds, ditches, rivers, canals, rice fields, etc. As a result of the richness of small indigenous fish (SIF) in natural resources, the majority of rural communities frequently devoured small indigenous fish in old days [1,2,3,4,5], which accounted for between 50 and 80 percent of all fish consumed by families [4,6]. For many impoverished people in developing nations, fisheries play a significant role in ensuring food security. With 18.1 kg consumed per person each year, fish accounts for 60 percent of the country’s protein consumption, making it an essential animal source diet for most people in Bangladesh [7]. The nation’s aquatic resources are diversified and plentiful, with 267 freshwater fish species [8] and 3.1 million tons of annual production [9]. The consumption of many underprivileged people in developing nations, typically high in carbohydrates, can benefit from fish as a good source of protein, micronutrients, and essential fatty acids. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2003, emphasizes the significance of small-scale fishing specifically for diet protection. Fish provide diet protection in diverse ways. According to Kostori et al. [2], the small indigenous fish species are a rich source of nutrition and mature at a length of around 25 cm or 6 inches. According to the study by [10], SIS offer higher nutrition since it is more common for humans to ingest entire fish from nutrient-rich SIS.
SIS provide better nutrition because they are frequently consumed whole, including the head, bones, and eyes, utilizing all available nutrients, including micronutrients. These fish are valued for their high protein, fatty acid, vitamin, and mineral content. According to reports, certain species, including Amblypharyngodon mola, Osteobrama cotio, Esomus danricus, and Corica soborna, have high levels of vitamin A as well as other vitamins and minerals [11]. In addition, the amount of vitamins and minerals included in one kilogram of SIS is equivalent to about fifty kilograms of large fish, such as Indian Major carp [12]. It has been stated that SIS are one of the significant contributors of vitamin A and minerals to the common people of Bangladesh [4]. Several studies reported that fish is the most frequently consumed protein source, over meat, in Bangladesh [3,7,13]. The SIS are crucial in reducing malnutrition and protecting rural communities’ nutritional and economic securities [12,14].
It is widely believed that the ability of self-recruiting species (SRS) to exist in both natural and controlled ecosystems is crucial for the survival of rural people [15]. In addition to providing additional earnings and essential protein for rural families, extensive carp production and small indigenous species are also environmentally favorable [16]. When micronutrient deficiency is a major issue, SIS play a crucial function in supplying micronutrients [10]. Animal protein, fatty acids, vital vitamins, and minerals are abundant in small indigenous fish [17]. Most of the small fish are consumed whole, including the head, organs, and bones, and they provide calcium, vitamin A, iron, and zinc to the underprivileged people of Bangladesh [18]. They make up a considerable portion of the finfish and shellfish population overall, which significantly improves the nutritional stability of rural people. The SIS are prolific breeders, require little to no management, and thrive in lentic and lotic water systems such as wetlands, beels, home ponds, abandoned water bodies, irrigation and drainage channels, and rich fields. The initial pisciculture methods eradicated SIS as insects because they were treated as weeds or trash fish having a negative impact on the preservation of valuable species [1]. Modern aquaculture practices have shown that integrating small indigenous species into polyculture systems is wise because it increases pond fish productivity overall [12]. The wide majority of fish consumed by the impoverished rural people is the small indigenous species of fish. Due to their availability and low market demand compared to large-sized fish, they eat these fish species since they are more prevalent. The rural people frequently rely on these small fish that they obtain as by-catch because it might be expensive to buy pulses and vegetables [12].
SIS is an essential source of macro and micronutrients in Bangladesh [10,19]. However, there are few research articles on SIS’s micro and macronutrient compositions. Factual information is necessary for the popularization of this SIS to the people both domestically and abroad. SIS species are most abundant in monsoon season in the floodplain areas [2,4,7]. To ensure the market price of SIS and their best probable processing, methods are required to provide year-round availability to the consumers and export. There is no review of Bangladesh’s SIS species’ nutritional qualities and processing techniques. We believe this study will help fishery scientists and food/fish processors think about the SIS and their best possible utilization. In recent years, Bangladesh has achieved self-sufficiency in the food production sector, although, malnutrition is still of concern. Several studies showed that SIS can effectively promote a healthy diet among all kinds of people, including the poor [3,5,20,21,22].
Thus, the main goals of this study are to compile detailed nutritional content profiles of important small indigenous fish species in Bangladesh. Specific species and nutritional components were selected for studies to “fill the gaps” in the available data. Estimating the allowance of SIS species to recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs) is one of our secondary goals. Certain nutrients such as iron, calcium, zinc, iodine, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 are considered since they are recognized as health concerns of the public in Bangladesh. The information reported in this study is the most extensive collection of data about the nutritional content of important small indigenous species of fish in Bangladesh that has been examined so far. The review paper demonstrates how some nutrients, such as iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin complex, interact with the molecular makeup of the human body and could potentially be used in food in the future. Additionally, this study also addresses the effect of small indigenous species of fish on human wellbeing. Moreover, this study also highlights Bangladesh’s prospective future usage of small indigenous species of fish in food production.

2. Methodology

2.1. Search Strategy

The research articles on the nutritional composition, processing techniques, and utilization of SIS in Bangladesh and southeast Asia were considered for this review. Research articles available on Google Scholar as well as indexed in Pubmed and Science Direct databases were searched using the combination of keywords “Small indigenous fishes”, “Nutritional importance”, and “Bangladesh”.

2.2. Selection Process and Data Extraction

The article selection process in this article was based on the screening of titles and abstracts. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to screen and identify scientific literature related to SIS. During the screening process, all articles were filtered according to language. The information of searched papers in English was considered for this review work (Figure 1).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIS)

According to several scientists, fish that can grow to 25 cm or 9 inches at the mature or adult life cycle stage are known as SIS [3,23]. However, some SIS such as Heteropneustes fossilis can grow more than 9 inches or 25 cm. SIS are an essential source of nutrition for many communities worldwide. These small fish are often overlooked when considering sources of protein, yet they provide a vital source of nutrition for people living in poverty. They also provide essential nutrients to those living in remote areas who may not have access to other food sources. The importance of these SIS lies in their ability to provide essential nutrients and vitamins that are hard to find elsewhere. This article will explore the nutritional significance of SIS and how they can be a sustainable food in Bangladesh and the world.

3.2. SIS Resources and Their Micronutrients

Bangladesh is one of the most significant inland fishing countries in the world. Out of 251 different inland fish species, Bangladesh’s water bodies are home to more than 150 SIS of fish (Table 1) [24]. Diversified water bodies (ponds, beels, haors, baors, rice fields, floodplains, etc.) are excellent breeding and rearing grounds, with an abundance of natural food (Table 1), space, and appropriate environment [12]. They can spread quickly to other natural water bodies due to their ability to spawn in narrow and shallow water bodies; as the rainy season passes, their abundance rises, especially when water bodies reach their maximum levels. These water bodies do not have any naturally occurring species-specific populations. It essentially aids in obtaining the fundamental broodstock required for pond production through breeding and recruitment [24]. The most common catches of SIS are Puti, Darkina, Mola, Chanda, Koi, Taki, Cheng, Tengra, Gochi, and Magur [21].
In the Indian sub-continent, SIS of fish in inland water bodies (freshwater wetlands and rivers) are found in sufficient quantity. Except for a few exceptions, most SIS do not integrate into a standard cultural context even though they differ in classification, shape, size, and eating habits. In addition to their unique cultural systems, they are regarded as one of the traditional dishes in most Asian nations, such as India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Laos, etc., to make up for dietary deficits [9,25,26,27]. SIS are a valued food ingredient that supplies a variety of vitamins and minerals in addition to proteins [4,28] (Figure 2) (Table 2). Small fish species, being widely available, are a boon for persons of lower socio-economic status, even though it allows people to have essential dietary components.
Different types of fish species, amphibians, molluscs, crustaceans, etc., coexist in natural resources (e.g., rivers, canals, banks, ponds, low water bodies, rice fields) in very varied quantities. Among them, the nutrition content is highest in small fish, and they live in diverse and abundant ecosystems [8]. The local people catch small fish from their local water bodies and bring them to sell in the local market. The soil topography and ecosystem sample of various rivers, channels, and rice fields of Bangladesh, West Bengal, and Assam bring diversity among small fish. The relative abundance of these species is consistent with observations made from paddy fields and associated trap ponds in the respective areas [29]. Traditional fishing gear is usually used to collect SIS from paddy fields and attached trap ponds. Due to the structural characteristics of the equipment [30,31], fish with low biomass are more prone to such traps than fish with high biomass, resulting in species size and composition as observed of different SIS species sold on the market. Biomass and abundance characteristics of SIS are similar to those observed from the Padma River in Bangladesh [32]. Perhaps the connections between rivers, irrigation canals, and rice fields provide a continuum of freshwater habitats that facilitate the movement of fish species across different landscapes. Fish species’ specific preferences for habitat (canals, rivers, or rice fields) may contribute to differences in encounter rates and captures in the three systems [25]. The diverse ecosystem services attributed to SIS qualify as a valuable aquatic living resource that requires sustainable exploitation. Due to SIS’s abundance and food value, continued exploitation is essential, especially locally. Strategies to increase the abundance of SIS through polyculture [33] or rice fish farming [34,35] can be a viable option to maintain demand at the local scale of the respective geographical area [36]. Apart from their role in food security, various species of SIS are in high demand in the ornamental fish trade and biological control of mosquitoes.
People worldwide have a common need to consume safe and nutritious food. Availability, adequate access, utilization, and safety combine to define food security [34] entirely. According to Gross et al. [37], “food security is the excess of enough food for every person in the world to lead a healthy life at all times”. Food insecurity occurs whenever this standard amount cannot be fulfilled, especially in developing countries. Despite the improvement in the sector, currently, 36 percent of the total population is suffering from IPC Level 1, and 43% is suffering from IPC Level 2, which, in 2009–2010 was two-thirds of the population, mainly rural household people.
In most cases, women are more vulnerable to food insecurity since they have less access to land and water, have less financial support, and look after the needs of others in the family rather than themselves, and a thing is to raise them in malnutrition and under-nourishment from a young age. Small fish are one of the food items that make it possible for rural people to meet the adequate demand for these nutrients and eliminate food insecurity. For example, the most available small fish, mola, is one of the main sources of vitamin A. It is considered one of the easiest ways to cure diseases, as it is necessary to eat this fish to cure significant diseases such as night blood disease and vitamin A deficiency. In addition, small fish are a reservoir of different minerals (e.g., Zn, P, Mg, Ca, etc.) compared to other food sources. In Cambodia, less expensive small fish also meet the zinc requirement of the lower class. The calcium from skimmed milk is often equal to that from small fish. In addition to meeting the requirements of macronutrients, the role of SIS is immense in meeting the needs of micronutrients, eliminating animal protein deficiency, and as a natural supplement [36]. Based on the size, age, variety, food habits, and feeding habits of small fish, their amount of nutrients can vary [12].
Table
Table 2. Quantity of the amino acids (g/100 g protein) of some common SIS species available in Bangladesh [38].
Table 2. Quantity of the amino acids (g/100 g protein) of some common SIS species available in Bangladesh [38].
Fish SpeciesAmino Acids
AspThrSerGluProGlyAlaValCysMetIsoLeuTyrHisLysArgTryPhe
A. mola9.825.726.6816.310.3813.7410.500.843.151.725.459.621.394.415.171.871.731.5
P. sarana9.634.793.4820.314.614.476.475.210.801.833.078.052.581.2111.175.661.13-
H. chela6.334.292.4110.793.864.744.474.070.501.344.566.921.844.8610.982.781.383.84
C. phulo3.781.871.406.962.252.992.932.500.311.462.353.511.841.034.133.20-2.07
Ambassis spp.9.523.232.3414.883.293.314.394.480.742.054.227.054.813.3011.306.211.12-
P. stigma2.801.681.305.762.313.222.882.240.241.222.023.001.601.113.362.71-1.85
C. striatus10.744.243.6021.64.03.755.495.542.402.474.508.761.903.1613.264.87-2.91
G. chapra3.531.931.436.722.303.223.032.640.261.492.313.481.811.084.103.17-2.13
O. niloticus12.915.324.0517.054.076.687.365.810.842.976.589.831.472.5315.765.62-3.10
Abbreviations: Asp, aspartic acid; Thr, threonine; Ser, serine; Glu, glutamic acid; Pro; proline, Gly, glycine; Ala, alanine; Val, valine; Cys, cystine; Met, methionine; Iso, isoleucine; Leu, leucine; Tyr, tyrosine; His, histidine; Lys, lysine; Arg, arginine; Try; tryptophan; Phe, phenylalanine.
The successful linking of human nutrition and fisheries to address micronutrient deficiencies is relevant for other countries with rich fishery resources, such as Cambodia and those in the Lake Victoria region of Africa [17].
The nutritional content of these fish varies depending on cleaning techniques, discarded parts, and pre- and post-cooking weights. In this case, the nutrient analysis of their raw, clean cuts and waste materials has been documented and connected in the above-mentioned table. Small fish are preserved and consumed all year round in Bangladesh through a variety of techniques, including pickling during the pick production phase and drying and preserving small prawns using Sidal and Shut. Small fish are consumed in enormous quantities in Cambodia in various forms, such as fish sauce, fish paste, and preserved small fish. Some are consumed as dried fish, salted fish, fermented fish, and smoked fish [39]. Thus, tiny fish directly cooked or stored meet 40% and 31% of Bangladesh’s needs for vitamin A and calcium, respectively [17]. Small plants and animals make up the majority of the diet of small fish. They have more nutrients in their bodies since they grow up in a natural setting and eat natural foods. Small fish are the only method to ensure that the next generation is talented and healthy (Figure 3). “The more popular little fish are in countries, the healthier and smarter children are growing up”, said World Fish’s nutrition and public health director.
The whole body of SIS is edible, with head, bones, eyes, and viscera, without any plate waste, making the food rich in nutrients. Mola fish has the most vitamin E in the eyes, so one must be careful while cleaning this fish so that the head is not separated from the body and is eaten with the head, eyes, and bones. The amount of vitamin A in sun-dried fish reaches almost zero [40]. The amount of minerals (e.g., Ca, Zn, Fe, P, etc.) present in the fish with a head is comparatively higher during cleaning than in the whole fish except the head [8]. Based on the growth percentage of Vitamin A2 in a rat’s body, 40% of biological activity is shown to calculate RAE from fish samples [41]. The high amount of calcium found in the human body and rat’s milk can be obtained from mallow fish [42,43]. A total of 25% from both haem iron and non-haem iron and 10 percent from inorganic iron we can get from fish bodies. However, the cooking method can alter this bioavailability, as trey changwa plieng, a Cambodian fish dish, provides more heme iron than fried fish [17]. The animal body has more zinc than plants, especially fish. Boiled rice and sour soup is one of the traditional, everyday food items of Cambodia’s poor population; when cooked with a trey changwa plieng, it meets 45% of a woman’s daily iron needs. On average, a woman consumes 367 g of rice and 257 g of sour soup, and 49 g of fish per day. Again, 100 g of sour soup for a child contains only 25% and covers 42% of the child’s daily iron requirement, whereas a child’s daily iron requirement is 0.42 g of iron [17]. Apart from these, the absorption of non-heme iron and zinc can be obtained from everyday ingredients, especially fatty acids, in addition to easily absorbable iron [8].

3.3. Vitamins

Every organism needs very modest amounts of vitamins to carry out its essential tasks. They play similar roles at each stage of the life cycle. Many physical and mental illnesses are brought on by a deficiency of these microelements (Figure 4). Depending upon their solubility, vitamins are one of two types: fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, K) [44] or water-soluble (vitamin C and vitamin B complex) [12]. The vitamin B series (vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B9, and vitamin B10) have been recognized as coenzymes or cofactors. The components of coenzymes participate in numerous biochemical reactions involving blood coagulation, hormone production, energy release, etc. For example, the active coenzyme forms of Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), and Niacin (B3) are TPP, FAD, and NAD/NADH, respectively. Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a component of coenzyme A that is necessary for metabolizing carbohydrates, amino acids, and other biomolecules [12]. Pyridoxine is a coenzyme form of vitamin B6. Biotin (vitamin B7), as a coenzyme, supports the function of carboxylase, pyrimidine synthesis, and urea formation [21].
Folate (vitamin B9) is a coenzyme required for purine biosynthesis and plays a vital role in forming heme, the iron-containing substance in hemoglobin. Cobalamin (B12), a component of cobamide coenzymes, is required to maintain cellular integrity by keeping the standard structure of the cell membrane intact. Fish is an excellent source of vitamins, particularly vitamins A, D, and E as well as B1 and B2. Vitamin A produces eye pigments that prevent eye damage and blindness, and its deficiency is prevalent in developing countries, especially for children and women [45]. Some studies indicate that vegetarians (80–90%) suffer from vitamin B12 deficiency since it is only sufficient in animal food (i.e., small indigenous fish). Some vitamin components in small fish are below in Table 3.

3.3.1. Vitamin A

Vitamin A (retinol, retinoic acid) is essential for eye health, immune function, cell growth, and reproduction [44]. The most common and first sign of Vitamin A deficiency is night blindness (poor vision at night or in dim light). According to WHO, 250,000–500,000 children become blind, and half of them die within 12 months because of losing sight. Humans generally need little amount of this vitamin: the recommended daily allowance of micrograms is 900 micrograms for men and 800 micrograms for women, with an additional dose for pregnant women [21]. Mola is a vitamin-A-rich SIS consumed by most households in Bangladesh. Twenty-eight species mentioned by Bogard et al. [21] are represented in Table 3 with varying vitamin A levels. The only species in which total vitamin A could not be measured was Foli. Mola fish had the most significant levels of vitamin A of the species listed in Table 3 (2503 mg RAE). Mola and cultured mola both had substantial levels of retinol and dehydroretinol, which were 340, 4590, and 323, 4990, respectively [47]. The aforementioned discussion makes it quite evident that fish are the only food source in Bangladesh that can fully satisfy the needs of SIS for vitamin A [17]. As a result of poor nutrition, their absence is the primary cause of night blindness [48].

3.3.2. Vitamin B12

Food derived from animals, including fish and shellfish, is a good source of vitamin B12, which is essential for cell division, blood formation, DNA formation, nerve function, etc. It is a highly complex essential vitamin chemically known as Cobalamin. The vitamin B12 content of the above-mentioned small fish ranged from 0.90 to 12.8 µg per 100 g, and their analytical methods varied [21]. The highest amount was found in Shing fish and the lowest in Meni and Bheda fish [21]. A total of 22% of adult women are vitamin B12 deficient, with negative effects on their health, neural development, and function, which has drawn special attention in the public health sector nationally [49]. As the whole source of vitamin B12 is animal-based, in the context of Bangladesh, small fish can play a very important and increasing role in meeting its deficiency and maintaining a proper diet chart [50].

3.3.3. Vitamin D

Naturally-produced vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is found in animals. It is stated that only zooplankton and microalgae are considered plankton sources of vitamin D2, and fish eat these as a part of their diet [51]. Several studies show that vitamin D helps calcium and phosphorus absorption, controls infection, reduces inflammation, prevents cancer, etc. Lack of vitamin D can cause osteoporosis, bone loss, muscle weakness, rickets, etc., [21]. Fish have been considered an excellent source of vitamin D, especially fish oil [44]. Out of the 28 species, the average value of vitamin D is 6.02 µg. It is undetectable in five species, i.e., taki, shing, magur, tara Baim, and gutum, and chanda has the highest amount (11.9 µg/100 g) of vitamin D3 (Table 3). Analysis of vitamin D2 found only four species with concentrations ranging from 0.66 to 2.9 µg/100 g. Basically, vitamin D2 is obtained from plant-based food items, especially yeast and fungi; from the data in Table 3 above, it can be understood that more species in Bangladesh play a role in the vitamin D diet [21]. The main function of this vitamin is calcium homeostasis; it increases the efficiency of dietary calcium in the body in the intestine. When a sufficient amount of calcium does not meet the body’s calcium requirement, dissolved calcium accumulates in the body through the osteoblast and osteoclast tissue [52].

3.3.4. Vitamin E

Naturally-sourced vitamin E exists in eight chemical forms: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol, and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol. Among all of them, only alpha-tocopherol, with the highest biological activity, can meet human requirements. According to the analysis, alpha-tocopherol could not be found in 3 species (koi, chapila, baim) out of the 28 species tested. It is found to be highest (0.91 µg) in mola and lowest (0.09 µg) in kachki (Table 3). Vitamin E is involved in immune function, preventing blood clogging, metabolic process, regulation of gene expression, and activity of protein kinase, and also increases the expression of two genes [53]. Vitamin E deficiencies cause nerve impulses, muscle weakness, and the inherited disorder AVED (ataxia and vitamin E deficiency) [54]. From the sources of vitamin E described in Table 3 above, we can understand that the amount of a-tocopherol obtained using the standard method is very high in some species of small fish [21]. In contrast, the amount of d-tocopherol was not found in any of the species analyzed, and the amount of g-tocopherol was found in only two species. They are Tara baim and Shing with 0.01 and 0.04 IU/100 g, respectively.

3.3.5. Vitamin B9 (Folate)

In the above-mentioned table, maximum vitamin B9 was obtained at 18 µg in Foli and at a minimum of m 2.9 µg in Bashpata and Kajuli. The required amount of vitamin B9 for adults is 500–600 µg per day, but, for children, it is 80–150 µg/per day, most of which is met through the consumption of small fish in the population of Bangladesh [21]. Folate is a component in various physiological needs, including red blood cell formation, cell growth and function, RNA and DNA formation, and protein metabolism. A total of 30 to 50 percent of the human body’s cellular folate resides in microconidia [50].

3.4. Minerals

Minerals are essential food components of the human body that are required in minimal quantities, but they play a key role in managing various important physical and biological functions. Minerals can be of two types, micronutrients and macronutrients. Small fish usually contain a large number of macro minerals such as calcium and phosphorus [12]. According to FAO, we can broadly divide food into three categories: 1. cereals, 2. non-staple plant food, and 3. animal and fish products. Cereals are the primary level of energy among these three types, but they contain very few micronutrients. Basically, micronutrient-complete foods can be included in non-staple plant food lists. We obtain the maximum amount of energy, vitamins, minerals, and other air molecules in food from animal and fish products. Small indigenous fish species from inland water bodies are not only a source of protein but also a large storehouse of various minerals (Table 4), micronutrients, and macronutrients [49,55]
The presence of a standard amount of these minerals (e.g., copper, zinc, selenium, iodine, magnesium, iron, cobalt, and chromium) in the diet is essential for human health. A lack of sufficient amounts of minerals causes many diseases in the human body. For example, calcium deficiency can cause osteoporosis and bone loss [56]; lack of zinc causes immune dysfunction, growth inhibition, and sexual dysfunction. The deficiency of iron and copper causes diseases such as anemia [57]. Not only can food intake meet all the physiological needs of the human body, but a sufficient supply of minerals is essential for its full functioning [58]. Currently, various minerals are commercially available within the market, but their absorption levels and solubility are very low. Required health of minerals is shown in Figure 5.

3.4.1. Iron

From the data of Bogard et al. [21], we can see that three species (chapila, darkina, and mola) can meet 25% of the RNI for PLW by having iron contents that range from 0.46 to 19 mg/100 g. Compared to wild mola fish (5 mg/100 g), cultivated mola has been found to have a significantly greater iron content (19 mg/100 g). Analyses of iron content may reveal systematic variations or actual variations in iron buildup among various species depending on the context. The data provided here suggest that a number of locally endemic tiny fish species may considerably contribute to the consumption of iron, the most essential trace element in the diet in Bangladesh, which has a high bioavailability as foods derived from animals [59]. It is found in every body cell of vertebrates. It is crucial for many processes, including biochemical ones, reactions involving the transfer of electrons, the control of genes, the movement of oxygen, and the growth, regulation, and differentiation of cells [60]. Iron’s primary function in the body is to produce hemoglobin for red blood cells, which contains heme in its pure form (Figure 6). The molecule known as hemoglobin transports oxygen to tissues and removes carbon dioxide from cells [12]. It is well known that the Fe-containing enzyme hydrogen peroxidase reacts with reactive compounds produced as byproducts of oxygen metabolism. Non-heme, iron-content enzymes including succinate dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase, and xanthine oxidase aid in energy metabolism. These enzymes are found in iron-sulfur cluster proteins [60].

3.4.2. Zinc

Zinc is essential to maintaining good health because it involves more than 200 enzymatic reactions in catabolic processes, immune response, wound healing, and sexual maturation [12] (Figure 6). Indigenous species of fish carry Zn in high concentrations. The zinc concentration varies from about 0.60 to 4.7 mg/100 g in fish and seafoods [61]. Among the species, four species, chela, mola, darkina, and rani, meet 25% of the RNI for PLWs, and only chela and mola meet 25% of the RNI standard for infants. In addition, six naturally-occurring species, dhela, ekthute, kachki, mola, and Ttengra, fill 20 to 25 percent of RNIs, and darkina, dhela, ekthute, mola, tit punti, and rani fill 20 to 25% of RNIs for infants [21]. According to recent studies, 57% of women and 44% of preschool children in the total population of Bangladesh suffer from zinc deficiency, which has become a national concern [62]. SIS are rich in zinc, so they can easily be added to diet plans to meet zinc requirements. Zinc is a core element in various genetic processes, including DNA formation and replication and cell division and growth [58].
Hydrobiology 02 00014 g006 550
Figure 6. Bioactivity of different minerals in the human body [63] Small fish contain several minerals [64] that are helpful for human health.
Figure 6. Bioactivity of different minerals in the human body [63] Small fish contain several minerals [64] that are helpful for human health.
Hydrobiology 02 00014 g006

3.4.3. Calcium

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body that makes up 1.5–2.0 percent of the total body weight. As 99% of the body’s bones are composed of calcium, the major function of calcium is to maintain healthy bones, teeth, or components related to these (Figure 6). Scientists suggest that one should consume 100 mg of calcium per day [21]. This trend is also seen in the calcium content of the 29 species in the table above, with an average value of 879.5 mg. Since SIS are consumed whole with bones, calcium is considered a highly available dietary food item for humans [17,43]. According to the report, 550,000 children suffered from rickets due to calcium deficiency in 2008, and, from various studies, two sub-discs of Bangladesh, especially women and children, do not have enough calcium in their daily diet [65,66]. Although, in developed countries, there is a trend to meet the demand for most of the calcium calcium-containing products, in developing countries such as Bangladesh, it is challenging to meet this demand for dairy products. Therefore, the importance of small fish is immense in filling calcium deficiency [9]. The contribution of calcium to muscle contraction, relaxation, normal heart rhythm, fatty acid oxidation, nerve function, and as a carrier of ATP in mitochondria is irreplaceable [50].

3.4.4. Iodine

The iodine content of food typically depends on its environmental conditions. Marine fish are rich in iodine. The average iodine content of small freshwater fish is 43.6 µg/100 g; the highest value is 81 µg/100 g in darkina, and the lowest is 6 µg/100 g in kachki fish. In the table above, the amount of iodine could not be detected in these three fish: koi, shing and foli [21]. Iodine plays an essential role in regulating the biochemical functions of the human body, maintaining hormone levels, and maintaining the release of thyroxine hormone to support the body’s metabolism (Figure 6). Currently, the economic importance of iodine has appeared beyond the function of the human body. Its commercial demand is increasing as various pharmaceuticals, disinfectants, photography elements, and feed supplements [12].

3.4.5. Selenium

Selenium is a critical trace mineral that plays a vital part in enzymatic contrast, antioxidant and catalyst generation, cellular production, immunological function, fertility, etc (Figure 6). Selenium is also needed to develop human skin, hair, and nails. In the human body, selenium exists in two different forms: inorganic forms, which are free of amino acids, and organic forms, which are bound to amino acids. Small fish should be consumed frequently by everyone, but especially by individuals with thyroid issues. Small fish contain selenium, which enhances thyroid function. Selenium aids in preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, thyroid problems, oxidative damage, lowering inflammation, and preventing artery aggregation [12]. The amount of selenium in the environment, particularly in the soil and water where it grows, often varies. Selenium is typically found in fish eggs [21]. According to FAO reports, the selenium level in small fish typically ranges from 5 to 49 µg/100 g.

3.4.6. Other Minerals

Phosphorus is a body’s electrolyte that maintains an electric charge and is essential for structural components of nucleotide coenzymes. Phosphate is a building block necessary for teeth and bone formation and energy production [50]. Phosphorus ranged from 140 to 190 mg/100 g in the edible parts, including bones in small fish species, reported by FAO [21]. Phosphorus content is measured either spectrophotometrically or by ICP-ACE. Magnesium ranged between 21 and 57 mg/100 g obtained from the whole fish body. It is a critical intracellular divalent cation that is essential for protein synthesis, cell replication, energy metabolism, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, and so on [50]. About 50–70% of the fish Mg was located in skeletal tissue and scales. The sodium concentration of fish varied between 26 mg and 110 mg/100 g, which was generally similar to other SIS reports. The required amount of sodium ions mentioned in Figure 5 is 90 g in the human body. In a constrained level, the noticeable dimensions of fine scheelite with its floatation value rise according to the variation of energy input, the size distribution of fine scheelite shifts from unimodal to bimodal [67]. The potassium level of fish varied from 58–350 mg/100 g, which was generally comparable with other reports of small indigenous fish. According to the committee, a fair amount of research shows a link between potassium consumption and adult blood pressure decrease, which consequently affects their risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. Additionally, there is growing documentation that sufficient digestible potassium has a preventive impact against kidney stone formation and age-related bone loss. The manganese level of fish was 0.021–2.3 mg/100 g, which was generally similar to values noted previously by small indigenous fish species. General activities of manganese on health by gluconeogenesis and the impact on cofactors of numerous enzymes are involved in carbohydrate metabolism [50]. The concentration of sulfur in the fish varied from 160–260 mg/100 g, which was generally comparable with other reports of small indigenous fish. The increasing levels of primary and secondary metabolites, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were found both in the roots and the leaves, indicating that the growth was negatively impacted by oxidative stress and that the antioxidant defense system was insufficiently able to maintain the redox equilibrium of the cell [68]. The copper level of fish varied from 0.029 mg to 0.094 mg/100 g, substantially in line with other reports of small indigenous fish. An important cofactor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme, cytochrome-C-oxidase, is involved in iron metabolism [50]. Nearly every species had indistinguishable levels of chromium. There is an exception of cultivated mola, which had extremely low quantities of chromium of 0.027 mg/100 g, which was also compatible with information from other sources. People who exercise vigorously have been observed to have increased urine levels of chromium. The health impact potentiates insulin activity, boosting glucose absorption by the cells [50].

4. Possible Utilization of SIS in Future Foods

Small indigenous species (SIS) of fish can be used to encourage the consumption of micronutrient-rich fish species, particularly in vulnerable population groups such as young children, pregnant and lactating women, the sick, and the elderly. To enhance the intake of animal-sourced meals by women and children, it is therefore immensely advantageous to include small fish species that are rich in micronutrients in the development and execution of agricultural policy decisions and programs. Data from Bangladesh authenticate this method. According to the Nutrition Surveillance project by Helen Keller International in 2000, data on the consumption of four nutrient-rich foods (egg, fish, green leafy vegetables, and lentils) were collected twice a month on more than 51,000 rural children aged 12–59 months [8]. The most often consumed food was fish, while lentils and vegetables were only consumed once every two days, and more than 60% of children had not had an egg. Due to the availability and rising consumption rates of small fish, they offer excellent prospects for ready products and are also more affordable than other sources of protein (Figure 7).
Additionally, even though more than 90% of homes claimed to have chickens, other family members seldom ate eggs [69]. In 2005, mothers of children under the age of five in rural Bangladesh showed a pattern of food recurrence intake. In terms of the recurrence of intake of food, green leafy vegetables, eggs, lentils, milk, fruits, poultry, and beef were consumed less frequently than fish, which was the second most popular food after rice. For instance, many studies show that fermentation is an age-old, conventional process that adapts the perishability of fish with shellfish. Various products of shidal include a lot of protein and essential amino acids. Due to the widespread protein insufficiency among Bangladeshis, a close combination of two distinct shidals manufactured from punti (Puntius sophore), and darkina (Esomus danricus) will be very efficient in solving the lack of affordable protein by increasing its availability. Concurrently, by expanding shidal industrial output, job possibilities can be generated [14]. The Dermestes sp. bug invasion was successfully resisted by the preservation and processing of dry SIS, neem, and turmeric pesticides that had been used to control pests and received outstanding and suitable scores for essence, shade, and taste [70]. Suppressing the dermestid beetle in both the refining and storage of dry fish can employ unprocessed turmeric and neem dust, which might be an excellent alternative to dangerous chemical pesticides [71]. An illustration of families participating in a highly effective intervention of poultry production reported producing eggs and chickens. In line with expectations, the intervention group’s families produced much more eggs and chickens than those receiving no assistance. Small indigenous fish were identified as the second most favored item of food by women to purchase when family earnings rose. According to the recorded data, fruits scored first, followed by the leafy vegetables in third place, and two items derived from animals, namely milk and meat, in fourth and fifth place [72]. All findings indicate that there is significant room to boost the intake of small indigenous species of fish, a popular cuisine in Bangladesh and maybe other developing nations, which is rich in bioavailability and numerous nutrients with micronutrients.

5. Implication of This Review Work

The accumulated findings of this study provide up-to-date information on the nutritional composition of SIS, which will help the experts in the relevant fields, owing to the improved country’s diet guidelines and nutrition security. Developing countries such as Bangladesh run several nutrition-based programs to ensure a healthy diet for their people, especially in rural and poor households. The policymakers of these programs, as well as public health practitioners and nutrition experts, can take necessary action to improve the nutritional composition of the dining tables of general people by creating an awareness of the nutritional quality of SIS.
The nutritional quality of the raw SIS has been explored; however, further exploration of the fate of nutrients after cooking is still necessary. The data available in the databases cannot show how much the human body can absorb nutrients such as vitamins after processing the existing cuisine techniques in Bangladesh.
Nutritious food items such as fish are always at the attention of global healthy diet industries [20]. Bangladesh is one of the significant contributors to the world’s aqua foods sector. We believe this study can help to popularize its highly nutritious SIS all over the globe.

6. Conclusions

It has been determined that several SIS might dramatically increase the RNIs for certain nutrients essential to public health. In the present decades, SIS is playing an essential role in the food sector, which is important for nutritional security in Bangladesh. The information provided here demonstrates that SIS have a substantially larger perspective to contribute to the micronutrient consumption of susceptible populations in Bangladesh. This is probably a result because small indigenous fishes are typically eaten entirely, including the head and bones. Moreover, the nutritional makeup of the various small indigenous species of fish described here is to encourage a more comprehensive nutrient consumption. This study concentrated the data available on the SIS in the context of Bangladesh, which will help to create a strategic plan for better utilization of these fish species. This study will give a direction for future research to focus on their processing and preservation with modern techniques.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, V.C.R.; methodology, V.C.R., M.R.I., M.Y. and S.S.; software, M.R.I., M.Y. and S.S.; validation, V.C.R., M.R.I., M.Y. and S.S.; formal analysis, V.C.R.; investigation, M.R.I., M.Y. and S.S.; resources, V.C.R.; data curation, M.R.I., M.Y. and S.S.; writing—original draft preparation, V.C.R., M.R.I., M.Y., S.S., A.R.H. and M.S.A.; writing—review and editing, V.C.R.; visualization, V.C.R.; supervision, V.C.R.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data shown within the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Representative scheme of this review article.
Figure 1. Representative scheme of this review article.
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Figure 2. Importance of SIS in the context of Bangladesh.
Figure 2. Importance of SIS in the context of Bangladesh.
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Figure 3. A diagram for the better utilization of SIS, their economic importance, and their impact on the human body.
Figure 3. A diagram for the better utilization of SIS, their economic importance, and their impact on the human body.
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Figure 4. Contribution and preventive deficiency of vitamins in the presence of SIS, effective activities on the cellular level in the human body. The deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins can create several health-related problems, including night blindness and xerophthalmia [45,46] in the human body. Mola is a typical SIS of Bangladesh containing a huge amount of vitamin A; distribution of vitamin A in the different parts of the mola was based on the study of Roos et al. [3]. The figure was partially modified from Thilsted [8].
Figure 4. Contribution and preventive deficiency of vitamins in the presence of SIS, effective activities on the cellular level in the human body. The deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins can create several health-related problems, including night blindness and xerophthalmia [45,46] in the human body. Mola is a typical SIS of Bangladesh containing a huge amount of vitamin A; distribution of vitamin A in the different parts of the mola was based on the study of Roos et al. [3]. The figure was partially modified from Thilsted [8].
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Figure 5. Average mineral requirements for the human body [21].
Figure 5. Average mineral requirements for the human body [21].
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Figure 7. Utilization of SIS for human welfare.
Figure 7. Utilization of SIS for human welfare.
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Table
Table 1. Some SIS species and their identification, by 1 Mohanty et al. [12] and 2 Bogard et al. [21].
Table 1. Some SIS species and their identification, by 1 Mohanty et al. [12] and 2 Bogard et al. [21].
SpeciesOrderFamilyLocal Name
1Aborichthys elongates (Hora, 1921)CypriniformesNemacheilidaeRimum, Ribb
1Acanthocobitis botia (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesNemacheilidaeGadera, Chikli
1Ailia coila (F. Hamilton, 1822)SiluriformesAiliidaePatasi, Kajuli
1Ailiichthys punctate (Day, 1872)SiluriformesAiliidaeJamuna ailia
1Amblyceps laticeps (McClelland, 1842)SiluriformesAmblycipitidaeAmblyceps
1Amblyceps mangois (Blyth, 1858)SiluriformesAmblycipitidaeTayek, Chikka
1Amblypharyngodon microlepis (Bleeker, 1854)CypriniformesCyprinidaeIndian carplet
1Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeMola carplet,
1Anabas cobojius (F. Hamilton, 1822)AnabantiformesAnabantidaeGanjetic koi
1Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)AnabantiformesAnabantidaeKoi, Kawai
1Aplocheilus parvus (Sundara Raj, 1916)CyprinodontiformesAplocheilidaeDwarf panchax
1Aplocheilus panchax (F. Hamilton, 1822)CyprinodontiformesAplocheilidaeCharbeki
1Aspidoparia jaya (Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeChola, Jaya
1Cabdio morar (Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeOlahalale
1Badis badis (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesBadidaeBadis
1Barilius bendelisis
(F. Hamilton, 1807)		CypriniformesCyprinidaeBhareli, Zhorya, Korang
1Barilius vagra (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeKorang
1Barilius shacra (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeBola, Shacra baril
1Batasio batasio (Blyth, 1860)SiluriformesBagridaeTista batasio
1Botia dario (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesBotiidaeBotuk mach, loach
1Botia rostrata (Günther, 1868)CypriniformesBotiidaeGangetic loach
1Danio rerio (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaePoncha geraldi
1Chanda nama (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesAmbassidaeChanda, Kachki
1Parambassis ranga (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesAmbassidaeChanari, Ranga chanda
1Channa gachua (F. Hamilton, 1822)AnabantiformesChannidaeDokrya, Bothua
1Channa orientalis (Bloch and J. G. Schneider, 1801)AnabantiformesChannidaeCheinga, Cheng
1Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793)AnabantiformesChannidaeLata, Spotted snake head, Gadisha
1Channa stewartii (Playfair, 1867)AnabantiformesChannidaeSengalee, Assamese snake head
1Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758)SiluriformesClariidaeMagur
1Trichogaster chuna (F. Hamilton, 1822)AnabantiformesOsphronemidaeSunset gourami
1Trichogaster lalius (F. Hamilton, 1822)AnabantiformesOsphronemidaeKhosti, Kunggee
1Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeGangetic latia
1Danio dangila (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeLaupati, Nipati
1Danio rerio (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeZebra fish, Anju, Pocha-geraidi
1Devario aequipinnatus
(McClelland, 1839)		CypriniformesCyprinidaeBalooki, vannathipodi
1Esomus danrica (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeDarikana, jongia, Dendu
1Eutropiichthys vacha (Hamilton, 1822)SiluriformesSchilbeidaeBacha, Neemuch
1Gagata cenia (Hamilton, 1822)SiluriformesSisoridaeIndian gagata
1Garra annandalei (Hora, 1921)CypriniformesCyprinidaeNungnga
1Garra lamta (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaePathorchata, Dohjei
1Glossogobius giuris (F. Hamilton, 1822)GobiiformesGobiidaeTank goby, Gulah
1Glyptothorax chindwinica (Vishwanath and Linthoingambi, 2007)SiluriformesSisoridaeNau, Pattarchatta
1Gudusia chapra
(F. Hamilton, 1822)		ClupeiformesClupeidaeKhoira, Karati, Chapra
1Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794)SiluriformesSiluriformesSinghi
1Laubuka laubuca (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeDankena, Dorikana
1Mystus bleekeri (F. Day, 1877)SiluriformesBagridaePalwa, Tengara
1Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822)SiluriformesBagridaeNona tangra, Gule tangra
1Mystus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1849)SiluriformesBagridaeShingeti
1Mystus tengara (Hamilton, 1822)SiluriformesBagridaeStriped dwarf catfish
1Mystus vittatus (Bloch, 1794)SiluriformesBagridaeTangra
1Nandus nandus (Hamilton, 1822)SiluriformesNandidaeGangetic leaffish
1Ompok siluroides (Lacépède, 1803)SiluriformesSiluridaePabda, Khababia
1Oreichthys cosuatis (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeKhavli
1Osteobrama cotio (Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeMaura
1Pellona sp. (Valenciennes, 1847)ClupeiformesPristigasteridaePellona
1Chagunius chagunio (Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeChaguni
1Puntius chola (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeSwamp barb
1Pethia gelius (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeGlass barb
1Pethia phutunio (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeDwarf barb
1Puntius sarana (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeOlive barb
1Puntius sophore (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeSona punti/Pool barb
1Puntius tirio (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeOnespot barb
1Puntius ticto (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaePunti
1Rasbora daniconius (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeDohni cona, Danikono
1Salmostoma bacaila (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeChela, Kataria
2Salmostoma phulo (F. Hamilton, 1822)CypriniformesCyprinidaeOrali, Finescale razorbelly minnow
2Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786)SynbranchiformesMastacembelidaeLesser spiny eel
2Channa marulius (F. Hamilton, 1822)AnabantiformesChannidaeGreat snakehead
2Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)AnabantiformesChannidaeStriped snakehead
2Xenentodon cancila (F. Hamilton, 1822)BeloniformesBelonidaeFreshwater needlefish
2Macrognathus pancalus (F. Hamilton, 1822)SynbranchiformesMastacembelidaeStriped spiny eel
2Mystus cavasius (Hamilton, 1822)SiluriformesBagridaeGangetic mystus
2Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769)OsteoglossiformesNotopteridaeBronze featherback
2Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepède, 1800)SynbranchiformesMastacembelidaeZig-zag eel
2Trichogaster fasciata (Bloch and J. G. Schneider, 1801)AnabantiformesOsphronemidaeTrichogaster fasciata
Table
Table 3. Several SIS species are found in nearby tiny or shallow freshwater lakes and contain vitamins such as water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins (µg RE/100 g).
Table 3. Several SIS species are found in nearby tiny or shallow freshwater lakes and contain vitamins such as water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins (µg RE/100 g).
Small Indigenous Fish
Species (SIS)		Nutrient Presence in 100 g Raw Fish (Different Edible Parts)
Vit- B12, D, E and B9Vit-A
V-B12
(µg)		V-D3
(µg)		V-D2
(µg)		V-E (µg)B9
(µg)		β-Carotene
(µg)		13-Cis-Retinol
(µg)		13-Cis-dehyDroretinol
(µg)		All-Trans-Retino
(µg)		All-Trans-Dehydroretinol
(µg)		Total Vitamin A
(µg RAE)
Tit Punti6.740.995nd0.16nd25 a4 a5 a11 a8 a21
Rani, Bou6.40.12–0.633.2–ndndnd6024
Jat Punti4.011.29nd0.15nd13 a4 a9 a27 a49 a54
Darkina12.56.31nd0.84nd100 a63 a48 a433 a381 a660
Boro Kholisha5.553.132.10.12nd11 a5 a5 a34 a14 a46
Guchi2.472.29nd0.11nd110 a1 a14 a9 a133 a78
Meni, Bheda0.900.78–0.363.5–ndnd366160
Taki1.60ndnd0.14nd22 a9 a13 a84 a104 a139
Koi2.381.19ndnd11.474 a61 a30 a163 a171 a295
Chela5.644.00nd0.11nd21 a25 a9 a90 a45 a132
Kajuli, Bashpata4.10.091–0.282.9–ndnd37nd37
Tengra3.50.19–0.2310–ndndnd2912
Foli2.00.70–0.6418–ndndndndnd
Chapila6.994.92ndndndnd a1 a21 a9 a136 a73
Baim1.721.300.76ndnd5 a1 a5 a1 a51 a27
Mola (cultured)5.93.0–0.914.3–444234045902226
Magur4.83ndnd0.139.464 a4 a8 a7 a15 a25
Tara Baim5.20ndnd0.17nd135 a2 a15 a16 a120 a83
Dhela4.70.14–0.246.6–1568282130918
Mola7.982.032.90.27ndnd and a460 a323 a4990 a2503
Shing12.8ndnd0.34nd45 a5 a11 a11 a22 a32
Kachki3.551.5nd0.09nd15 a2 a30 a14 a122 a78
Chanda6.4211.9nd0.18nd43 a14 a51 a128 a433 a336
Kuli, Bhut Bailla1.422–0.553.7–ndnd37nd37
Gutum8.75ndnd0.19nd25 a1 a9 a17 a131 a76
Bele, Bailla2.11.6–0.176.7–ndnd18nd18
Kakila2.891.40.660.409.256 a9 a12 a54 a53 a91
Ekthute3.02.4–0.6511–18nd84nd98
a Data were published by Roos et al. [3]. Data without superscript were published by Bogard et al. [21]. µg RAE, the activity of retinol equivalent. –, data that are not available. nd, not detected.
Table
Table 4. Several SIS are found in nearby tiny or shallow freshwater lakes and contain various nutritional trace elements (as micronutrients) (mg/100 g raw edible parts).
Table 4. Several SIS are found in nearby tiny or shallow freshwater lakes and contain various nutritional trace elements (as micronutrients) (mg/100 g raw edible parts).
Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIS)Nutrient Presence in 100 g Raw Fish
Fe (mg)Zn
(mg)		Ca
(mg)		I
(µg)		Se
(µg)		P
(mg)		Mg
(mg)		Na
(mg)		K
(mg)		Mn
(mg)		S
(mg)		Cu
(mg)
Tit Punti3.4 a3.8 a1480 a1910 a–47 a61 a187 a–––
Rani, Bou2.54.01300253182045481601.51700.094
Jat Punti2.2 a2.9 a1042 a209.5 a–39 a53 a203 a–––
Darkina12 a4.0 a891 a8112 a–38 a110 a200 a––
Boro Kholisha4.12.31700202691044612102.01900.046
Guchi2.7 a1.3 a491 a1945 a–34 a52 a294 a–––
Meni, Bheda0.841.61300132981044682501.42100.029
Taki1.8 a1.5 a766 a1815 a–35 a47 a260 a–––
Koi0.870.6085nd1916021312600.0521900.052
Chela0.844.7100019325903928850.601700.052
Kajuli, Bashpata0.821.21107.12714022261300.172000.059
Tengra4.0 a3.1 a1093 a2824 a–36 a57 a203 a–––
Foli1.71.6230nd2227034532800.0782600.058
Chapila7.6 a2.1 a1063 a1313.4 a–41 a57 a281 a–––
Baim1.9 a1.1 a449 a1312 a–35 a47 a322 a–––
Mola (cultured)194.2140033197004931581.91600.047
Magur1.20.7459222221026613500.0211800.050
Tara Baim2.5 a1.2 a457 a1315 a–34 a46 a290 a–––
Dhela1.83.712009.52966039371100.601700.046
Mola5.7 a3.2 a853 a175 a–35 a39 a152 a–––
Shing2.21.160nd3122037543000.0382300.057
Kachki2.8 a3.1 a476 a6.07.5 a–26 a38 a134 a–––
Chanda2.1 a2.6 a1153 a2422 a–45 a61 a206 a–––
Kuli, Bhut Bailla0.792.0980314958039551900.292100.030
Gutum3.32.5950163665057452400.461900.054
Bele, Bailla2.32.1790253152038562102.32000.030
Kakila0.651.9610372945035491900.472400.046
Estate1.53.61300112877051521400.732400.030
Golsha1.81.3120134118026332100.222200.039
Modhu Pabda0.460.90917.02715023472300.0731900.042
a Data were published by Roos et al. [5]. Data without superscript were published by Bogard et al. [21]. –, data are not available. nd, not detected.
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Islam, M.R.; Yeasmin, M.; Sadia, S.; Ali, M.S.; Haque, A.R.; Roy, V.C. Small Indigenous Fish: A Potential Source of Valuable Nutrients in the Context of Bangladesh. Hydrobiology 2023, 2, 212-234. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010014

AMA Style

Islam MR, Yeasmin M, Sadia S, Ali MS, Haque AR, Roy VC. Small Indigenous Fish: A Potential Source of Valuable Nutrients in the Context of Bangladesh. Hydrobiology. 2023; 2(1):212-234. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010014

Chicago/Turabian Style

Islam, Md Rakibul, Momota Yeasmin, Sultana Sadia, Md Sadek Ali, Ahmed Redwan Haque, and Vikash Chandra Roy. 2023. "Small Indigenous Fish: A Potential Source of Valuable Nutrients in the Context of Bangladesh" Hydrobiology 2, no. 1: 212-234. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010014

APA Style

Islam, M. R., Yeasmin, M., Sadia, S., Ali, M. S., Haque, A. R., & Roy, V. C. (2023). Small Indigenous Fish: A Potential Source of Valuable Nutrients in the Context of Bangladesh. Hydrobiology, 2(1), 212-234. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2010014

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