The Role of Cyano-HAB (Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms) in the One Health Approach to Global Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cyanobacteria Characteristics and Their Toxins
3. Cases of Health Effects on Animals
4. Cases of Human Health Effects
5. Italian Cases
5.1. Lake Vico
5.2. Lake Albano
5.3. Lake Occhito
6. Discussion
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- Enhanced monitoring: implementing advanced and continuous monitoring of water bodies for early detection of harmful algal blooms and toxin levels, utilizing both traditional sampling methods and emerging technologies like remote sensing.
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- Public awareness and education: raising awareness among local communities, fishermen, and farmers about the risks of algal toxins and promoting safe practices to reduce exposure.
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- Water treatment innovations: investing in and applying effective water treatment solutions that can remove a broad range of algal toxins, ensuring the safety of drinking water and irrigation supplies.
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- Regulatory and policy frameworks: developing and enforcing regulations and guidelines for water quality management, including acceptable levels of algal toxins in water and food products, to protect public health and the environment.
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- Research and collaboration: encouraging interdisciplinary research on the impacts of harmful algal blooms and fostering collaboration among scientists, policymakers, water managers, and public health officials to share knowledge and develop integrated solutions.
7. Conclusions
8. Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Matrix | P. rubescens Bloom (Max n, Cells/L) | MCST Max Value | BMAA Max Value | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vico | Lake water | 72.5 × 106 (Jan 2007) | 350 μg/L (March 2008) | 718 μg/L Nov 2009 | [111] |
Wells water | 350 ng/L (Jan 2008 Caparola) | ||||
Fish (Coregonus lavaretus) | 26.56 ng/g | ||||
Hazelnuts | 2.3 ng/g (2010) | ||||
Albano | Lake water | 298 × 106 (Jan 2008) | [114] | ||
Fish (Salmo trutta lacustris) | 2.41 ng/g (Aug 2006) | [115] | |||
Occhito | Lake water | 14 × 109 (April 2009) | 298 μg/L (March 2009) | 24.14 ppb (March 2014) | [116] |
Fish | 2.98 ng/g (May 2009) | 0.95 μg/g (Nov 2014) | [116] | ||
Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) | 256 ng/g (May 2009) | ||||
Mussels (Chamelea galina) | 2.3 ng/g (May 2009) | ||||
Vegetables (Asparagus) | 1.5 ng/g (Oct 2015) | [117,118] |
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Messineo, V.; Bruno, M.; De Pace, R. The Role of Cyano-HAB (Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms) in the One Health Approach to Global Health. Hydrobiology 2024, 3, 238-262. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology3030016
Messineo V, Bruno M, De Pace R. The Role of Cyano-HAB (Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms) in the One Health Approach to Global Health. Hydrobiology. 2024; 3(3):238-262. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology3030016
Chicago/Turabian StyleMessineo, Valentina, Milena Bruno, and Rita De Pace. 2024. "The Role of Cyano-HAB (Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms) in the One Health Approach to Global Health" Hydrobiology 3, no. 3: 238-262. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology3030016