Effects of Coexisting Anions on the Formation of Hematite Nanoparticles in a Hydrothermal Process with Urea Hydrolysis and the Congo Red Dye Adsorption Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles
2.2. Batch Adsorption Studies for Congo Red
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrothermal Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles with Urea Hydrolysis
3.1.1. Effects of the Reactants on the α-Fe2O3 Formation
3.1.2. Change in the Crystallite Size and Particle Diameter with Coexisting Anion
3.2. Adsorption Studies of Congo Red
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Starting Material | Average Crystallite Size (nm) | Crystallinity Index (%) | Median Diameter (nm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Iron Source | Additive | |||
Fe(NO3)3 | – | 24.1 | 98.1 | 53.2 |
FeCl3 | NaNO3 | 46.8 | 99.0 | 125.4 |
Fe(OH)(CH3COO)2 | NaNO3 | 30.8 | 98.6 | 55.5 |
Kinetic Model | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|
Pseudo-first-order | qe (mg/g) | 24.5 |
k1 (h−1) | 1.55 | |
R2 | 0.902 | |
Pseudo-second-order | qe (mg/g) | 25.2 |
k2 (g/(mg·h)) | 0.0928 | |
R2 | 0.934 | |
Intra-particle diffusion | c (mg/g) | 12.9 |
ki (mg/(g·h0.5)) | 1.45 | |
R2 | 0.607 | |
Elovich | α (mg/(g·h)) | 4.55 × 103 |
β (g/mg) | 0.457 | |
R2 | 0.959 |
Isotherm Model | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|
Langmuir | qm (mg/g) | 23.0 |
KL (L/mg) | 1.86 | |
R2 | 0.944 | |
Freundlich | KF (mg/(g·(mg/L)1/n)) | 13.8 |
n (−) | 7.32 | |
R2 | 0.885 | |
Temkin | AT (L/mg) | 221 |
qT (mg/g) | 2.53 | |
R2 | 0.926 |
Adsorbent | qm (mg/g) | Reference |
---|---|---|
Porous α-Fe2O3 nanorod | 57.2 | [51] |
Fe3O4@SiO2@Zn–TDPAT | 17.7 | [58] |
MgFeAl LDHs | 14.8 | [59] |
NiFeTi LDHs | 30.0 | [60] |
MnFe2O4 | 25.8 | [61] |
Fe–Zn bimetallic nanoparticles | 28.6 | [62] |
α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles | 23.0 | This work |
Temperature (K) | ΔG° (kJ/mol) | ΔS° (J/(mol·K)) | ΔH° (kJ/mol) |
---|---|---|---|
293 | −34.40 | −18.0 | −39.66 |
303 | −34.22 | ||
308 | −34.13 | ||
313 | −34.04 |
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Onizuka, T.; Fukuda, M.; Iwasaki, T. Effects of Coexisting Anions on the Formation of Hematite Nanoparticles in a Hydrothermal Process with Urea Hydrolysis and the Congo Red Dye Adsorption Properties. Powders 2023, 2, 338-352. https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2020020
Onizuka T, Fukuda M, Iwasaki T. Effects of Coexisting Anions on the Formation of Hematite Nanoparticles in a Hydrothermal Process with Urea Hydrolysis and the Congo Red Dye Adsorption Properties. Powders. 2023; 2(2):338-352. https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2020020
Chicago/Turabian StyleOnizuka, Takahiro, Mikihisa Fukuda, and Tomohiro Iwasaki. 2023. "Effects of Coexisting Anions on the Formation of Hematite Nanoparticles in a Hydrothermal Process with Urea Hydrolysis and the Congo Red Dye Adsorption Properties" Powders 2, no. 2: 338-352. https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2020020