The Life and Death of Jamoytius kerwoodi White; A Silurian Jawless Nektonic Herbivore?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Anatomy
3. Mode of Life of Jamoytius
4. Paleoenvironments
5. Palaeoecology
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- White, E.I. Jamoytius kerwoodi, a new chordate from the Silurian of Lanarkshire. Geol. Mag. 1946, 83, 89–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ritchie, A. New evidence on Jamoytius kerwoodi White, an important ostracoderm from the Silurian of Lanarkshire, Scotland. Palaeontology 1968, 11, 21–39. [Google Scholar]
- Chevrinais, M.; Johanson, Z.; Trinajstic, K.; Long, J.; Morel, C.; Renaud, C.; Cloutier, R. Evolution of vertebrate postcranial complexity: Axial skeleton regionalization and paired appendages in a Devonian jawless fish. Palaeontology 2018, 61, 949–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janvier, P. Early Vertebrates. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 33; Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK, 1996; 393p. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janvier, P. Early Jawless Vertebrates and Cyclostome Origins. Zool. Sci. 2008, 25, 1045–1056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keating, J.N.; Donaghue, P.C.J. Histology and affinity of anaspids, and the early evolution of the vertebrate dermal skeleton. Proc. R. Soc. 2016, B283, 20152917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miyashita, T.; Coates, M.; Farrar, R.; Larson, P.; Manning, P.; Wogelius, R.; Edwards, N.; Anné, J.; Bergmann, U.; Palmer, A.; et al. Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological-molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, e2146–e2151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miyashita, T.; Gess, R.W.; Tietjen, K.; Coates, M.I. Non-ammocoete larvae of Palaeozoic stem lampreys. Nature 2021, 591, 408–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donoghue, P.C.J.; Purnell, M.A. Distinguishing heat from light in debate over controversial fossils. BioEssays 2009, 31, 178–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lingham-Soliar, T. The Vertebrate Integument: Origin and Evolution, Volume 1; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2014; 268p. [Google Scholar]
- Reeves, J.C.; Sansom, R.S. Multivariate mapping of ontogeny, taphonomy and phylogeny to reconstruct problematic fossil taxa. Proc. R. Soc. B 2023, 290, 20230333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forey, P.L. Yet more reflections on agnatha-gnathostome relationships. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 1984, 4, 330–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forey, P.L. Agnathans recent and fossil, and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 1995, 5, 267–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forey, P.L.; Janvier, P. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature 1993, 361, 129–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janvier, P. The phylogeny of the Craniata, with reference to the significance of fossil ‘agnathans’. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 1981, 1, 121–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuraku, S.; Kuratani, S. Time Scale for Cyclostome Evolution Inferred with a Phylogenetic Diagnosis of Hagfish and Lamprey cDNA Sequences. Zool. Sci. 2006, 23, 1053–1064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reeves, J.C.; Wogelius, R.; Keating, J.; Sansom, R.S. Lasanius, an exceptionally preserved Silurian jawless fish from Scotland. Palaeontology 2023, 66, e12643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ritchie, A. A new interpretation of Jamoytius kerwoodi White. Nature 1960, 188, 647–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shu, D.; Luo, H.-L.; Conway-Morris, S.; Zhang, X.; Hu, S.; Han, J.; Zhu, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, L.-Z. A Lower Cambrian vertebrate from South China. Nature 1999, 402, 42–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turner, S. Early vertebrates: Analysis from microfossil evidence. Recent Adv. Orig. Early Radiat. Vertebr. 2004, 65, 67–94. [Google Scholar]
- Donoghue, P.C.J.; Smith, M.P.; Sansom, I.J. The origin and early evolution of chordates: Molecular clocks and the fossil record. In Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record; Donoghue, P.C.J., Smith, M.P., Eds.; CRC Press: London, UK, 2003; pp. 190–223. [Google Scholar]
- Gess, R.W.; Coates, M.I.; Rubidge, B.S. A lamprey from the Devonian period of South Africa. Nature 2006, 443, 981–984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donoghue, P.C.J.; Keating, J.N. Early vertebrate evolution. Palaeontology 2014, 57, 879–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janvier, P.; Arsenault, M. The anatomy of Euphanerops longaevus Woodward, 1900, an anaspid-like jawless vertebrate from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Godiversitas 2007, 29, 143–216. [Google Scholar]
- Ritchie, A. Conflicting interpretations of the Silurian agnathan, Jamoytius. Scott. J. Geol. 1984, 20, 249–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Potter, I.C.; Gill, H.S.; Renaud, C.B.; Haoucher, D. The Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Lampreys. In Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control; Docker, M.F., Ed.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2015; pp. 35–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Docker, M.F. A review of the evolution of nonparasitism in lampreys an update of the paired species concept. In Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America; Brown, L., Chase, S., Mesa, M., Beamish, R., Moyle, P.B., Eds.; American Fisheries Society: Bethesda, MD, USA, 2009; pp. 71–114. [Google Scholar]
- Evans, T.M.; Limburg, K.E. Parasitism offers large rewards but carries high risks: Predicting parasitic strategies under different life history conditions in lampreys. J. Evol. Biol. 2019, 32, 794–805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dawson, H.A.; Quintella, B.R.; Almeida, P.R.; Treble, A.J.; Jolley, J.C. The ecology of larval and metamorphosing lampreys. In Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control; Docker, M.F., Ed.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2015; Volume 1, pp. 75–138. [Google Scholar]
- Ritchie, A. Palaeontological Studies on Scottish Silurian Fish Beds. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 1963; 170p. [Google Scholar]
- Sansom, R.S.; Freedman, K.; Gabbott, S.E.; Aldridge, R.J.; Purnell, M.A. Taphonomy and affinity of an enigmatic Silurian vertebrate, Jamoytius kerwoodi White. Palaeontology 2010, 53, 1393–1409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brownstein, C.D.; Near, T.J. Phylogenetics and the Cenozoic Radiation of lampreys. Curr. Biol. 2023, 33, 397–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, F.; Janvier, P.; Zhang, C. The rise of predation in Jurassic lampreys. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 6652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mallatt, J. Vertebrate origins are informed by larval lampreys (ammocoetes): A response to Miyashita et al., 2021. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 2023, 197, 287–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blom, H.; Märss, T. The interrelationships and evolutionary history of anaspid fishes. In Morphology, Phylogeny, and Paleobiogeography of Fossil Fishes; Elliott, D.K., Maisey, J.G., Yu, X., Miao, D., Eds.; Verlag Dr. F. Pfeil, Munich: Munich, Germany, 2010; pp. 45–58. [Google Scholar]
- Dineley, D. Silurian fossils fish sites of Scotland. In Fossil Fishes of Great Britain; Chapter 2; Geological Conservation Review Series; Dineley, D., Metcalf, S., Eds.; Joint Nature Conservation Committee: Peterborough, UK, 1999; Volume 16, pp. 33–62. [Google Scholar]
- Lovelock, C.E. Sedimentary Environments and Biofacies of the Silurian Inlier at Lesmahagow Midland Valley of Scotland. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 1998; 448p. [Google Scholar]
- Tarlo, L.B.H. Agnatha. In The Fossil Record; Harland, W.B., Ed.; London Geological Society: London, UK, 1967; pp. 629–636. [Google Scholar]
- van der Brugghen, G. Ciderius cooperi gen. nov., sp. nov., the earliest known euphaneropid from the Lower Silurian of Scotland. Neth. J. Geosci. 2015, 94, 279–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stensiö, E.A. Les cyclostomes fossiles ou ostracodermes. In Traite de Zoologie 13; Grasse, P.-P., Ed.; Masson: Paris, France, 1958; pp. 173–425. [Google Scholar]
- Moyer, A.E.; Zheng, W.; Schweitzer, M.H. Keratin durability has implications for the fossil record: Results from a 10-year feather degradation experiment. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0157699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schweitzer, M.H.; Zheng, W.; Moyer, A.E.; Sjövall, P.; Lindgren, J. Preservation potential of keratin in deep time. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0206569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richardson, M.K.; Admiraal, J.; Wright, G.M. Developmental anatomy of lampreys. Biol. Rev. 2010, 85, 1–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blom, H. New Birkeniid anaspid from the Lower Devonian of Scotland and its phylogenetic implications. Palaeontology 2012, 55, 641–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cochran, P.A. Observations on giant American Brook Lamprey (Lampetra appendix). J. Freshw. Ecol. 2008, 23, 161–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fuller, P.; Neilson, M. Lethenteron appendix; USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database: Gainesville, FL, USA, 2015. Available online: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=835 (accessed on 5 December 2023).
- Oleh, M. Laboratory Manual on General and Special Ichthyology. World News Nat. Sci. 2018, 18, 1–51. [Google Scholar]
- Clarkson, E.N.K.; Harper, D.T. Silurian of the Midland Valley of Scotland and Ireland. Geol. Today 2016, 32, 195–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jennings, J.S. The geology of the Eastern Part of the Lesmahagow Inlier. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 1961; 306p. [Google Scholar]
- Harms, J.C.; Southard, J.B.; Spearing, D.R.; Walker, R.G. Depositional Environments as Interpreted from Primary Sedimentary Structures and Stratification Sequences; Society for Economic Petrology and Mineralogy: Tulsa, OK, USA, 1975; 161p. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armitage, S.J.; Bristow, C.S.; Drake, N.A. West African monsoon dynamics inferred from abrupt fluctuations of Lake Mega-Chad. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 8543–8548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- González, C.; Dupont, L.M.; Behling, H.; Wefer, G. Neotropical vegetation response to rapid climate changes during the last glacial period: Palynological evidence from the Cariaco Basin. Quat. Res. 2008, 69, 217–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zolitschka, B.; Francus, P.; Antti, E.K.O.; Schimmelmann, A. Varves in lake sediments a review. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2015, 117, 1–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Athearn, W.D. Sediment Cores from the Cariaco Trench, Venezuela; Unpublished Technical Report; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Woods Hole, MA, USA, 1965; pp. 65–73. 20p. [Google Scholar]
- Hughen, K.A.; Overpeck, J.T.; Peterson, L.C.; Anderson, R.F. The nature of varved sedimentation in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, and its paleoclimatic significance. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 1996, 116, 171–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muller-Karger, F.E.; Varela, R.; Thunell, R.; Scranton, M.; Bohrer, R.; Taylor, G.; Capelo, J.; Astor, Y.; Tappa, E.; Ho, T.Y.; et al. Annual cycle of primary production in the Cariaco Basin: Response to upwelling and implications for vertical export. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106, 4527–4542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dewey, J.F.; Strachan, R.A. Changing Silurian–Devonian relative plate motion in the Caledonides: Sinistral transpression to sinistral transtension. J. Geol. Soc. 2003, 160, 219–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- James, K. The Venezuelan Hydrocarbon Habitat. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 1990, 50, 9–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peach, B.N.; Horne, J. The Silurian Rocks of Britain; Vol.1 Scotland. (with Petrological Chapters and Notes by J.J.H. Teall); Memoirs of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom; HMSO: Glasgow, UK, 1899; 749p.
- Walton, E.K.; Oliver, G.J.H. Lower Palaeozoic stratigraphy. In Geology of Scotland, 3rd ed.; Craig, G.Y., Ed.; Scottish Academic Press: Edinburgh, UK, 1991; pp. 161–193. [Google Scholar]
- Anderson, L.I. A new specimen of the Silurian synziphosurine arthropod Cyamocephalus. Proc. Geol. Assoc. 1999, 110, 211–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hunter, J.R.S. Notes on a new fossil scorpion (Palaeophonus caledonicus) from the Upper Silurian Shales, Logan Water, Lesmahagow. Trans. Edinb. Geol. Soc. 1884, 5, 187–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van der Brugghen, G.; Schram, F.R.; Marthill, D.M. The Fossil Ainiktozoon is an arthropod. Nature 1997, 385, 589–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hessler, R.R.; Schram, F.R. Leptostraca as Living Fossils. In Living Fossils. Casebooks in Earth Sciences; Eldredge, N., Stanley, S.M., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 1984; pp. 187–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rolfe, W.D.I.; Beckett, E.C.M. Autecology of Silurian Xiphosurida, Scorpionida, Cirripedia, and Phyllocarida. Spec. Pap. Paleontol. 1984, 32, 27–37. [Google Scholar]
- Albertoni, E.F.; Palma-Silva, C.; Esteves, F.A. Overlap of dietary niche and electivity of three shrimp species (Crustacea, Decapoda) in a tropical coastal lagoon (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Rev. Bras. Zool. 2003, 20, 135–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rolfe, W.D.I. Phyllocarida and the origin of the Malacostraca. Geobios 1981, 14, 17–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, I. Omnivory and resource-sharing in nutrient-deficient Rio Negro waters: Stabilization of biodiversity? Acta Amaz. 2009, 39, 617–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Traquair, R.H. Report on fossil fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in the Silurian rocks of the south of Scotland. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. 1899, 39, 827–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turner, S. A new articulated thelodont (Agnatha) from the Early Devonian of Britain. Palaeontology 1982, 25, 879–889. [Google Scholar]
- Turner, S. Early Silurian to Early Devonian thelodont assemblages and their possible ecological significance. In Palaeocommunities: A Case Study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian-International Geological Correlation Programme 53, Project Ecostratigraphy, Final Report; Boucot, A.J., Lawson, J., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1999; pp. 42–78. [Google Scholar]
- Gilmore, B. Scroll coprolites from the Silurian of Ireland and the feeding of early invertebrates. Palaeontology 1992, 35, 319–333. [Google Scholar]
- Scourfield, D.J. An anomalous fossil organism, possibly a new type of chordate, from the Upper Silurian of Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire—Ainiktozoon loganense, gen. et sp. nov. Proc. R. Soc. B 1937, 121, 533–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haug, C.; Briggs, D.E.G.; Mikulic, D.G.; Kluessendorf, J.; Huag, J.T. The implications of a Silurian and other thylacocephalan crustaceans for the functional morphology and systematic affinities of the group. BMC Evol. Biol. 2014, 14, 159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Störmer, L. Dictyocaris salter, a large crustacean from the Upper Silurian and Downtonian. Nor. Geol. Tidsskr. 1935, 15, 267–298. [Google Scholar]
- van der Brugghen, G. Dictyocaris, een enigmatisch fossiel uit het Silur. Grondboor Hamer 1995, 1, 18–22. [Google Scholar]
- Ritchie, A. Lanarkopterus dolichoschelus (Störmer) gen. nov., a mixopterid eurypterid from the Upper Silurian of the Lesmahagow and Hagshaw Hills inliers, Scotland. Scott. J. Geol. 1968, 4, 317–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, M.; Melzer, R.R.; Plotnick, R.E.; Bicknell, R.D.C. Spines and baskets in apex predatory sea scorpions uncover unique feeding strategies using 3D-kinematics. Science 2022, 25, 103662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Plotnick, R.E. Habitat of Llandoverian-Lochkovian eurypterids. In Paleocommunities—A Case Study from the Silurian and Lower Devonian; Boucot, A.J., Lawson, J.D., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1999; pp. 106–136. [Google Scholar]
- Stanley, S.M. Functional morphology and evolution of byssally attached bivalves. J. Paleontol. 1972, 46, 165–212. [Google Scholar]
- Linsley, R.M. Some “laws” of gastropod shell form. Paleobiology 1977, 3, 196–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Denison, R.N. Feeding mechanisms of agnatha and early gnathostomes. Am. Zool. 1961, 1, 177–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donoghue, P.C.J.; Smith, M.P. The anatomy of Turinia pagei (Powrie), and the phylogenetic status of the Thelodonti. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. Earth Sci. 2001, 92, 15–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donoghue, P.C.J.; Forey, P.L.; Aldridge, R.J. Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny. Biol. Rev. 2000, 75, 191–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferrón, H.G.; Botella, H. Squamation and ecology of thelodonts. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0172781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mallatt, J. Feeding ecology of the earliest vertebrates. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 1984, 82, 261–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mallatt, J. Reconstructing the Life Cycle and the Feeding of Ancestral Vertebrates. In Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes; NATO ASI Series; Foreman, R.E., Gorbman, A., Dodd, J.M., Olsson, R., Eds.; Springer: Boston, MA, USA, 1985; Volume 103, pp. 59–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lammons, M.L. Mud and Mucus: Feeding Selectivity in a Suspension-Feeding Detritivorous Fish. Master’s Thesis, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA, 2009; 101p. [Google Scholar]
- Parrington, F.R.; Westoll, T.S. On the nature of the Anaspida. In Studies on Fossil Vertebrates; Westoll, T.S., Ed.; Athlone Press: London, UK, 1958; pp. 108–128. [Google Scholar]
- Kermack, K.A. The functional significance of the hypocercal Tail in Pteraspis rostrata. J. Exp. Biol. 1943, 20, 23–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fletcher, T.; Altringham, J.; Peakall, J.; Wignall, P.; Dorrell, R. Hydrodynamics of fossil fishes. Proc. R. Soc. 2014, B281, 20140703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strahan, A. The behaviour of Mixinoids. Acta Zool. Stockh. 1963, 44, 73–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Taxa | Feeding Strategy | Frequency |
---|---|---|
Arthropods | ||
Ceratiocaris papilio | nektonic omnivore | very common |
Slimonia acuminata | nektonic scavenger | rare |
Erretopterus bilobus | nektonic carnivore | very rare |
Ainiktozoon loganense | unknown | common |
Beyrichias sp. (1 specimen) detritivore | very rare | |
Chordata | ||
Loganellia scotica | nektonic detritus/herbivore? | common |
Jamoytius kerwoodi | nektonic detritus/herbivore? | rare |
Loganellia grossi | nektonic detritus/herbivore? | very rare |
Cephalopoda | ||
?Orthocone indeterminate | nektonic carnivore | very rare |
Small (2 specimens) | ||
Gastropoda | ||
Platyschisma helicites | mobile herbivore, grazer | rare |
(7 specimens) | ||
Bivalvia | ||
Pteritonella sp. | bysally attached suspension feeder | rare |
Unknown | ||
Dictyocaris slimoni | plant primary producer? | very common |
Plant | ||
Tatia catena | primary producer | very rare |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Brookfield, M.E. The Life and Death of Jamoytius kerwoodi White; A Silurian Jawless Nektonic Herbivore? Foss. Stud. 2024, 2, 77-91. https://doi.org/10.3390/fossils2020003
Brookfield ME. The Life and Death of Jamoytius kerwoodi White; A Silurian Jawless Nektonic Herbivore? Fossil Studies. 2024; 2(2):77-91. https://doi.org/10.3390/fossils2020003
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrookfield, Michael E. 2024. "The Life and Death of Jamoytius kerwoodi White; A Silurian Jawless Nektonic Herbivore?" Fossil Studies 2, no. 2: 77-91. https://doi.org/10.3390/fossils2020003