Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering: Superiority, Concerns, Current Advancements, and Prospects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Advantages for Using CNT Composite Materials for Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering
2.1. Morphological Features
2.2. Mechanical Properties
2.3. Chemical Properties
2.4. Electrical and Magnetic Properties
3. Concerns and Current Solutions of CNTs as Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering
3.1. Toxicity and Dispersity
3.2. Current Solutions for Biosafety
4. Advancements in CNT-Based Scaffolds or Implants for Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering
4.1. Synthesis Strategies for CNT-Based Scaffolds or Implants
4.2. CNTs with Calcium Phosphate Materials
4.3. CNTs with Natural Biopolymers
4.4. CNTs with Synthetic Biopolymers
5. Advancements of CNT Composite as Nanocarriers for Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering
5.1. CNTs as Nanocarriers for Osteogenic Drugs
5.2. CNTs as Nanocarriers for Proteins, Peptides, and Genes
6. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CNT | carbon nanotube |
HA | hydroxyapatite |
ECM | extracellular matrix |
ALP | alkaline phosphatase |
TCP | tricalcium phosphate |
β-TCP | Beta-tricalcium phosphate |
CPC | calcium phosphate cement |
BMP | bone morphogenetic protein |
rhBMP-2 | recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 |
rhBMP-9 | recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-9 |
ASC | human adipose-derived stem cell |
MSC | mesenchymal stem cell |
BMSC | bone marrow stem cell |
BSA | bovine serum albumin |
PCL | polycaprolactone |
PMMA | polymethyl methacrylate |
PLGA | poly(lactide-co-glycolide) |
PLA | polylactic acid |
PLLA | poly-L-lactic acid |
PVA | polyvinyl alcohol |
PGA | poly glycolic acid |
PEEK | poly(etheretherketone) |
PPF | polyanhydrides poly(propylene fumarate) |
DEX | dexamethasone |
Zol | zoledronic acid |
MG132 | Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-al |
CP3 | pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 |
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Substrate Materials | CNT Application | Consequences | References |
---|---|---|---|
Calcium Phosphate | |||
hydroxyapatite (HA) | bone implant materials |
| [147,148] |
hydroxyapatite (HA) | coating material for implants |
| [149] |
beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) | bone repair biomaterials |
| [154] |
calcium phosphate cements (CPC) | injectable bone substitutes |
| [157] |
Natural Polymers | |||
chitosan (CS) | nanocomposite films |
| [62] |
chitosan (CS) | bone tissue scaffolds |
| [159,163] |
chitosan(CS)–hydroxyapatite (HA) | bone tissue engineering |
| [162,163] |
silver sulfadiazine (AgSD)–chitosan (CS) nanofiber | coating material for implants |
| [94] |
collagen | bone repair biomaterials |
| [172] |
collagen | 3D CNT-coated bone scaffolds |
| [175] |
collagen–hydroxyapatite (HA) | bone tissue scaffolds |
| [150] |
gelatin–hydroxyapatite (HA) | artificial bone grafts |
| [176] |
gelatin–chitosan (CS) | bone scaffold materials |
| [177] |
bacterial cellulose | bone tissue scaffolds |
| [179] |
silk fibroin | nanocomposite films |
| [180] |
Synthetic Polymers | |||
polycaprolactone (PCL) | 3D bone scaffolds |
| [187,189] |
polycaprolactone (PCL)–hydroxyapatite (HA) | 3D bone scaffolds |
| [190] |
polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) | bone cements |
| [191] |
polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) | bone cements |
| [192] |
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) | load-bearing bone tissue scaffolds |
| [194] |
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) | bone repair scaffolds |
| [195,196] |
polylactic acid (PLA) | nanocomposite materials |
| [197] |
polylactic acid (PLA) | bone tissue engineering |
| [199] |
poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) | bone tissue engineering |
| [198] |
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–chitosan (CS) | bone tissue engineering |
| [207] |
poly(etheretherketone)-calcium polyphosphate cements (CPPs) | load-bearing orthopedic application |
| [208] |
Delivery System | Drugs/Molecular Type | Consequences | References |
---|---|---|---|
carbon nanotube (CNTs)/silk fibroin–hydroxyapatite (HA)/polyamide 66 (nHA/PA66) scaffolds | Dexamethasone (DEX) | Promoted the expression of osteoblast genes and induced the osteogenic differentiation | [217,218] |
Chitosan (CS)–CNTs nanoparticles | isoniazid | Prolonged the release time, stabilized the release rate of isoniazid, retained the biological function, and reduced the cytotoxicity and inflammatory response of isoniazid | [219] |
HA–alginate–MWCNT + Fe beads | chlorhexidine | Prolonged chlorhexidine release time and showed high a young’s modulus comparable to steel | [221] |
CNT–chitosan (CS)–hydroxyapatite (HA) composite materials | ibuprofen (IBU) ibuprofen sodium (IBU-Na) fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-Dex) | Controlled the release of both low and high molecular weight hydrophilic drugs | [222] |
HA–magnetite–MWCNT nanocomposite with magnetite nanoparticles (MWCNT/Fe3O4) | clodronate | Improved magnetic properties, induced bone biomineralization, and inhibited osteoclast activity in vitro | [223,224] |
CNT–mesoporous silica composites | zoledronic acid (Zol) | Ensured the 3D conductive network to transmit the electrical stimuli, affected osteoblasts cultured over the surface, and increased the drug loading | [225] |
CNT gel scaffold via specific pairing of functionalized nucleobases | human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) | Significantly increased the spontaneous osteogenesis on bio-electrical gel scaffolds and enhanced cell differentiation and organization via extra electrical stimulus. | [229] |
CNT arrays | recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), poloxamer | Retained a larger amount of rhBMP-2, delayed protein release and inhibited the large initial burst | [228] |
hydroxyapatite (HA)–collagen–MWCNT composite scaffolds | recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) | Enhanced osteogenic differentiation in vitro and induced more new bone formation in vivo | [226] |
carboxylic acid-functionalized MWCNT–monetite-based CPC | Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-al (MG132) | Exhibited a sustained drug release, and confirmed the therapeutic effect by the inhibition of cytokine-induced osteoclast differentiation | [222] |
poly(lactic-co-glycolic) (PLGA)-functionalized CNTs materials | pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 (CP3) | Promoted delivery of RNA and transcription factor to cells and demonstrated a pronounced ability of cell penetration | [233] |
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Pei, B.; Wang, W.; Dunne, N.; Li, X. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering: Superiority, Concerns, Current Advancements, and Prospects. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101501
Pei B, Wang W, Dunne N, Li X. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering: Superiority, Concerns, Current Advancements, and Prospects. Nanomaterials. 2019; 9(10):1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101501
Chicago/Turabian StylePei, Baoqing, Wei Wang, Nicholas Dunne, and Xiaoming Li. 2019. "Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bone Tissue Regeneration and Engineering: Superiority, Concerns, Current Advancements, and Prospects" Nanomaterials 9, no. 10: 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101501