The “Systems Neuroscience” Section of Brain Sciences (ISSN: 2076-3425) is dedicated to the research and exploration of multifactorial and multidimensional processes, such as normal and pathological aspects of sensory and motor functions; the activity of limbic and cognitive systems; and cerebral control of homeostasis, locomotion, reproduction, etc. By building a bridge between various theoretical concepts, basic science research, and clinical medicine applications, this Section provides an in-depth analysis of the intricate workings of the nervous system. The focus of this Section goes beyond isolated aspects of neuroscience research and dedicates itself to a more comprehensive view of neural mechanisms and functionality.

As all of the articles published in our journal are of an open access format, you have free and unlimited access to the full text. We welcome you to read our most highly cited papers published in 2021 and 2022 listed below:

1. “Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation from a Neurological Perspective”
by Justyna Paprocka, Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek, Anna Tylki-Szymańska and Stephanie Grunewald
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010088
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/1/88

2. “Oxidative Dysregulation in Early Life Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Comprehensive Review”
by Evangelos Karanikas, Nikolaos P. Daskalakis and Agorastos Agorastos
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(6), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060723
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/723

3. “Obesity and Gray Matter Volume Assessed by Neuroimaging: A Systematic Review”
by Marina Fernández-Andújar, Ester Morales-García and Natalia García-Casares
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(8), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11080999
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/8/999

4. “Use of Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers in Brain and Ear: State of the Art and Challenges”
by Caroline Guigou, Alain Lalande, Nadine Millot, Karim Belharet and Alexis Bozorg Grayeli
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030358
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/358

5. “Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity by Vibratory Training in Young and Old Mice”
by Ida Cariati, Roberto Bonanni, Gabriele Pallone, Giuseppe Annino, Virginia Tancredi and Giovanna D’Arcangelo
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010082
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/1/82

6. “Influence of Increasing Task Complexity and Use of Informational Assistance Systems on Mental Workload”
by Dominic Bläsing and Manfred Bornewasser
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010102
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/1/102

7. “Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field as a Stress Factor—Really Detrimental?—Insight into Literature from the Last Decade”
by Angelika Klimek and Justyna Rogalska
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(2), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020174
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/174

8. “Melatonin: From Neurobiology to Treatment”
by Giovanni Biggio, Francesca Biggio, Giuseppe Talani, Maria Cristina Mostallino, Andrea Aguglia, Eugenio Aguglia and Laura Palagini
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(9), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091121
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/9/1121

9. “Deep Brain Stimulation of the Posterior Insula in Chronic Pain: A Theoretical Framework”
by David Bergeron, Sami Obaid, Marie-Pierre Fournier-Gosselin, Alain Bouthillier and Dang Khoa Nguyen
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(5), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050639
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/639

10. “The Self and Its Right Insula—Differential Topography and Dynamic of Right vs. Left Insula”
by Andrea Scalabrini, Angelika Wolman and Georg Northoff
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(10), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101312
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/10/1312

11. “Executive Functions in Overweight and Obese Treatment-Seeking Patients: Cross-Sectional Data and Longitudinal Perspectives”
by Marco La Marra, Ines Villano, Ciro Rosario Ilardi, Mario Carosella, Maria Staiano, Alessandro Iavarone, Sergio Chieffi, Giovanni Messina, Rita Polito, Chiara Porro et al.
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(6), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12060777
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/6/777

12. “Dimensions of Tinnitus-Related Distress”
by Petra Brueggemann, Wilhelm Mebus, Benjamin Boecking, Nyamaa Amarjargal, Uli Niemann, Myra Spiliopoulou, Christian Dobel, Matthias Rose and Birgit Mazurek
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(2), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020275
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/2/275

13. “Neurological Manifestations in a Cohort of Egyptian Patients with COVID-19: A Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study”
by Doaa A. Mekkawy, Sherif Hamdy, Maged Abdel-Naseer, Hatem S. Shehata, Ahmed Al Halfawy, Nevin M. Shalaby, Ghaydaa A. Shehata, Anwar M. Ali, Alaa Elmazny, Sandra M. Ahmed et al.
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010074
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/1/74

14. “Evidence of Neuroplastic Changes after Transcranial Magnetic, Electric, and Deep Brain Stimulation”
by Julius Kricheldorff, Katharina Göke, Maximilian Kiebs, Florian H. Kasten, Christoph S. Herrmann, Karsten Witt and Rene Hurlemann
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(7), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070929
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/929

15. “Effects of Stimulus Frequency, Intensity, and Sex on the Autonomic Response to Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation”
by Hirotake Yokota, Mutsuaki Edama, Ryo Hirabayashi, Chie Sekine, Naofumi Otsuru, Kei Saito, Sho Kojima, Shota Miyaguchi and Hideaki Onishi
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(8), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12081038
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/8/1038

16. “Nonequivalent After-Effects of Alternating Current Stimulation on Motor Cortex Oscillation and Inhibition: Simulation and Experimental Study”
by Makoto Suzuki, Satoshi Tanaka, Jose Gomez-Tames, Takuhiro Okabe, Kilchoon Cho, Naoki Iso and Akimasa Hirata
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(2), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020195
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/2/195

17. “Efficacy of Sound Therapy for Tinnitus Using an Enriched Acoustic Environment with Hearing-Loss Matched Broadband Noise”
by María Cuesta, Christiam Garzón and Pedro Cobo
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010082
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/1/82

18. “Functional Changes in Brain Activity Using Hypnosis: A Systematic Review”
by Thomas Gerhard Wolf, Karin Anna Faerber, Christian Rummel, Ulrike Halsband and Guglielmo Campus
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010108
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/1/108

19. “Insular Involvement in Cases of Epilepsy Surgery Failure”
by Jimmy Li, Sandra Reiter-Campeau, Dina Namiranian, Dènahin Hinnoutondji Toffa, Alain Bouthillier, François Dubeau and Dang Khoa Nguyen
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(2), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020125
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/2/125

20. “Systematic Evaluation of the T30 Neurostimulator Treatment for Tinnitus: A Double-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial with Open-Label Extension”
by Deborah Ann Hall, Robert Henryk Pierzycki, Holly Thomas, David Greenberg, Magdalena Sereda and Derek James Hoare
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(3), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030317
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/3/317