The mission of the “Neuroglia” Section of Brain Sciences (ISSN: 2076-3425) is to publicize research that focuses on all aspects of the “non-neuronal” brain, including functions of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and their interplay with neurons and blood vessels in the brain. This includes studies of the fundamental mechanisms and technical reports, physiological and pathological processes, and presentations of novel models and tools for studies of glial and neuro-glial interactions. Priority will be given to multi-disciplinary studies and those linking molecular and genomic events with functions and phenotypes.

As all of the articles published in our journal are in an open access format, you have free and unlimited access to the full text. We welcome you to read our most highly cited papers published in 2021 and 2022 listed below:

1. “Peritumoral Microenvironment in High-Grade Gliomas: From FLAIRectomy to Microglia–Glioma Cross-Talk”
by Roberto Altieri, Davide Barbagallo, Francesco Certo, Giuseppe Broggi, Marco Ragusa, Cinzia Di Pietro, Rosario Caltabiano, Gaetano Magro, Simone Peschillo, Michele Purrellom et al.
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020200
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/200

2. “The Dying Forward Hypothesis of ALS: Tracing Its History”
by Andrew Eisen
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030300
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/300

3. “Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia: From Genes, Cells and Networks to Novel Pathways for Drug Discovery”
by Alan Mackay-Sim
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030403
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/403

4. “Immunomodulatory Effect of Microglia-Released Cytokines in Gliomas”
by Marika Lanza, Giovanna Casili, Michela Campolo, Irene Paterniti, Cristina Colarossi, Marzia Mare, Raffella Giuffrida, Maria Caffo, Emanuela Esposito and Salvatore Cuzzocrea
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(4), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040466
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/4/466

5. “Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Degenerations Are Somatotopically Related and Temporally Ordered in the Sod1 Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis”
by Christine Marques, Thibaut Burg, Jelena Scekic-Zahirovic, Mathieu Fischer and Caroline Rouaux
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030369
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/3/369

6. “Differential Cytokine-Induced Responses of Polarized Microglia”
by Priyanka Chauhan, Wen S. Sheng, Shuxian Hu, Sujata Prasad and James R. Lokensgard
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(11), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111482
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/11/1482

7. “The Cortical “Upper Motoneuron” in Health and Disease”
by Roger N. Lemon
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(5), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050619
Available online:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/619

8. “Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Cortical Hyper-Excitability in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Review”
by Jonu Pradhan and Mark C. Bellingham
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(5), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050549
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/549

9. “The Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating Myeloid Cell Activation and the Cytokine Expression Profile in a Glioma Resection Site during the Post-Surgical Period in Mice”
by Jescelica Ortiz-Rivera, Alejandro Albors, Yuriy Kucheryavykh, Jeffrey K. Harrison and Lilia Kucheryavyk
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(7), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070893
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/7/893

10. “Role for Astrocytes in mGluR-Dependent LTD in the Neocortex and Hippocampus”
by Ulyana Lalo and Yuriy Pankrato
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(12), 1718; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121718
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/12/1718

11. “Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of Oligodendrocytes in Selected Areas of the Brain of Male and Female Red Kangaroos (Macropus rufus)”
by Agata Wawrzyniak, Krzysztof Balawender, Roman Lalak, Maciej Przemysław Golan, Konrad Wróbel, Dariusz Boroń, Rafał Staszkiewicz and Beniamin Oskar Grabarek
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(8), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12081035
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/8/1035

12. “Cytoplasmic Human TDP-43 Mislocalization Induces Widespread Dendritic Spine Loss in Mouse Upper Motor Neurons”
by Marcus S. Dyer, Adele Woodhouse and Catherine A. Blizzard
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(7), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070883
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/7/883

13. “Neuronal Glial Crosstalk: Specific and Shared Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease”
by Vishal Chavda, Kavita Singh, Vimal Patel, Meerambika Mishra and Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010075
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/1/75

14. “Final Exon Frameshift Biallelic PTPN23 Variants Are Associated with Microcephalic Complex Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia”
by Reham Khalaf-Nazzal, James Fasham, Nishanka Ubeyratna, David J. Evans, Joseph S. Leslie, Thomas T. Warner, Fida’ Al-Hijawi, Shurouq Alshaer, Wisam Baker, Peter D. Turnpenny et al.
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(5), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050614
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/614

15. “Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: Primary Lateral Sclerosis, Upper Motor Neuron Dominant Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia”
by Timothy Fullam and Jeffrey Statland
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(5), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050611
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/5/611

16. “Utility of Transcranial Magnetic Simulation in Studying Upper Motor Neuron Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis”
by Nimeshan Geevasinga, Mehdi Van den Bos, Parvathi Menon and Steve Vucic
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(7), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070906
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/7/906

17. “Therapeutic Strategies for Mutant SPAST-Based Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia”
by Neha Mohan, Liang Qiang, Gerardo Morfini and Peter W. Baas
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(8), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081081
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/8/1081

18. “Cortical Excitability across the ALS Clinical Motor Phenotypes”
by Thanuja Dharmadasa
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(6), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060715
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/6/715

19. “The Upper Motor Neuron—Improved Knowledge from ALS and Related Clinical Disorders”
by Parvathi Menon and Steve Vucic
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(8), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11080958
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/8/958

20. “Lysosome Function and Dysfunction in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias”
by Daisy Edmison, Luyu Wang, and Swetha Gowrishankar
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020152
Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/152