Ion Exchange in Natural Clinoptilolite: Aspects Related to Its Structure and Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Clinoptilolite–Heulandite Series: Classification and Composition Relation
2.1. Main Deposits, Stratification, Impurities
2.2. Composition, Properties, Si/Al, Cationic Pool, Relationship with HEU/CLI Recognition
2.3. Options for Synthetic Clinoptilolite
3. The Ion Exchange Property and the Extra-Framework Cations in Natural Clinoptilolites
3.1. Effect of Initially Present Cations on Ion exchange Properties
3.2. Interplay between Nature and Location of the Exchanged Cation, Its Effects on Adsorption, Zeolite Acidity, etc.
3.3. Strategies for Ion Exchange Modifications
4. Applications of Natural Clinoptilolites Based on Their Ion Exchange Properties
4.1. Removal of Cationic Contaminants from Water
4.1.1. Removal of Heavy Metals
4.1.2. Removal of Dissolved Ammonia
4.1.3. Removal of Contaminants from Organic Solutions
4.2. Storage and Conversion of Undesirable Gas Emissions into the Atmosphere
4.3. Production of Catalysts and Photocatalysts
4.4. Bioactive Materials
4.5. Agricultural Applications
4.6. Zeolites as a Nature-Forming Factor
5. Challenges and Prospects for Innovation
6. Summary
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rodríguez-Iznaga, I.; Shelyapina, M.G.; Petranovskii, V. Ion Exchange in Natural Clinoptilolite: Aspects Related to Its Structure and Applications. Minerals 2022, 12, 1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121628
Rodríguez-Iznaga I, Shelyapina MG, Petranovskii V. Ion Exchange in Natural Clinoptilolite: Aspects Related to Its Structure and Applications. Minerals. 2022; 12(12):1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121628
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Iznaga, Inocente, Marina G. Shelyapina, and Vitalii Petranovskii. 2022. "Ion Exchange in Natural Clinoptilolite: Aspects Related to Its Structure and Applications" Minerals 12, no. 12: 1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12121628