**1. Introduction**

Osseointegration is defined as "a process whereby a clinically asymptomatic rigid fixation of alloplastic materials is achieved and maintained in bone during functional loading" [1]. Osseointegration is involved in dental implants healing, thus leading to a functional unit that may rehabilitate one or more missing teeth, supporting dental prosthesis.

In addition to key factors that a ffect the osseointegration, such as the surgical technique, bone quality and quantity, postoperative inflammation or infection, smoking habits, and implant material and surface [2–7], other factors should be taken into account, including the immunological and nutritional status of the host. Alongside the promotion of a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean one, to achieve a desirable general health status, recently, increasing attention was paid to promoting the consumption of micronutrients that could have benefits on health and resistance to diseases [8].

Several micronutrients affecting bone metabolism were demonstrated to have an influence on skeletal system; in particular, calcium, fluorides, magnesium, potassium, vitamin B6, vitamin D, and zinc positively influence bone health, reducing the risk of fracture [9]. In addition, fat-, carbohydrate-, and cholesterol-rich diets and reduced calcium intake exhibit detrimental influences on jaw bone and alveolar bone [10]. Therefore, a specific diet regimen and micronutrients might play a key role in the different phases of dental implant osseointegration.

Recent evidence demonstrated that some nutritional regimens directly influence alveolar bone parameters in experimental models of periodontitis [11–13], orthodontic tooth movement [14], and bone repair after tooth extraction [15]. In particular, it was demonstrated that diet (in its different meanings of macro- and micronutrients) can affect the healing of the alveolus after tooth extraction, influencing both the morphology and the quality of alveolar bone [15].

Bone tissue repair mechanisms and bone metabolism are strongly influenced by nutritional aspects and are crucial to obtaining proper bone restoration optimizing osseointegration processes.

The aim of this scoping review is to summarize the state of the art regarding the role of micronutrients, currently available in nutraceuticals or dietary supplements, on dental implantology, highlighting which of them, supported by evidence-based medicine (EBM), might effectively have an influence on the achievement and the maintenance of osseointegration after implant insertion surgery.

#### **2. Materials and Methods**

In performing this scoping review, we followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) model [16].

As a first step, a technical expert panel (TEP) consisting of 11 medical specialists was established. In particular, the TEP was composed of two oral surgeons with expertise in osseointegrated dental implants, two periodontists with expertise in peri-implant oral tissues physiology and pathology, three bone specialists, two experts on scoping review methodology, one nutritionist, and one orthopedic surgeon.

## *2.1. Search Strategy*

The TEP selected micronutrients from the "European Union (EU) Register of nutrition and health claims made on foods" that have a relationship with bone and tooth health, included in dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. Therefore, the TEP planned a research on PubMed (Public MedLine, run by the National Center of Biotechnology Information, NCBI, of the National Library of Medicine of Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA), selecting micronutrients as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms; to each of them, the following terms were added to run the PubMed Search Builder: "dental implants", "osseointegration". For example: ("Vitamin D" [Mesh]) AND "Dental Implants" [Mesh]) (see Supplementary Materials, Table S1).
