*2.2. Participants*

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationships of background knowledge, reading fluency, and strategy use with reading comprehension in Turkish elementary-grade students. A total of 207 fourth graders from five di fferent classes in the same school were enrolled in the study. The research took place in fall and spring semesters, 2016, in Turkey's Denizli province. The participants were willing and available to take part and informed consent letters were obtained from all of the participants and all parents or guardians. The subjects were relatively homogenous, of middle socioeconomic (SES) status, and ranged in age from 9 through 10 years. Seventy-eight girls and 119 boys who participated in the study were not identified as learning disabled and their reading development was felt to be within grade level expectations according to their classroom teachers and the school counselor. All of the students were considered typically developing readers by their teachers.

#### *2.3. Materials and Methods*
