**2. Materials and Methods**

### *2.1. Plant Materials, DNA Extraction, and Genotyping*

A total of 384 peanut accessions were used for the present study (Supplementary Table S1). Among those, 284 peanut accessions were obtained from the core collections of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) according to the proportion of the number of germplasms, which were widely distributed in East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, East Africa, South Africa, West Africa, North America, South America, Europe, and the Australian continent. In addition, 100 peanut germplasms were obtained from the National Agrobiodiversity Center Korean, RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (RDA)-GenBank Information Center, South Korea, including landraces, breeding lines, and cultivars. A young leaf from each individual accession was collected to extract the genomic DNA. A total of 384 peanut genomic DNA were extracted for each accession using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol with slight modifications [52]. The quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were determined using a NanoDrop ND-1000 (Thermos Fisher Scientific Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA) and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.

A high-density SNP array Axiom\_Arachis with 58K SNPs was used to obtain the genotyping data [39]. Reference genome builds were acquired from arahy.Tifrunner.gnm1.KYV3 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly) to serve as controls in the array design.
