*2.1. Plant Materials*

The panel for GWAS consisted of two parts of rice germplasms, one part (114 accessions) includes advanced lines from International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and mega varieties released in southeast Asian countries, such as India, Philippines and Bangladesh. The others (94 accessions) are landraces and released varieties mainly from China. All the 208 accessions could be divided into two ecotypes, *Indica* (170) and *Japonica* (38) (Table S1).
