*2.4. Statistical Analysis and QTL Analysis*

QTL analyses were conducted inMinitab 16.2.4 (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA) using one-way Analysis of Variance and Tukey's test for mean comparisons. QTLs were detected using single-marker analysis, and the QTL was declared when the association between phenotype and genotype of markers

was significant at *p* < 0.05. Gene actions were calculated by the following formula; additive effect (*a*) = (mean germination rate of *O. rufipogon* homozygote − mean germination rate of Hwaseong homozygote)/2; dominant effect (*d*) = mean germination rate of heterozygote − (mean germination rate of *O. rufipogon* homozygote + mean germination rate of Hwaseong homozygote)/2; degree of dominance = *d*/*<sup>a</sup>*. To analyze the interaction between QTLs, a general multiple regression model with two QTLs as independent variables and interaction term was employed in Minitab 16.2.4. Nomenclature of the QTLs has been described previously [32].
