*3.4. Genetic Structure*

At K = 2, we found maximum Δk values that were plotted against the K to confirm the number of populations, while another lower peak was shown at K = 7 (Supplementary Figure S2). When most individuals were divided into the two subpopulations (K = 2, Figure 4), the peanut accessions, including 64.9% from Asia (of which approximately 74% individuals were from South Korea and 26% from other origins in Asia), 24.4% from Africa, 10.2% from South America, and 0.5% from Europe, belonged to one subgroup (red), while another subgroup (green) revealed features of accessions, including 16.8% from Asia (comprising about 6.7% from South Korea and 93.3% from other Asia origins), 35.2% from Africa, 42.5% from South America, 2.8% from North America, 1.7% from Europe, and 1% from Australia.

**Figure 4.** Structure clustering results obtained at K = 2 to K = 7 of the 384 peanut accessions. Each individual is represented by a bar corresponding to the sum of assignment probabilities to the K cluster.

As we continued to divide the subgroups carefully, there were new divisions into the subgroups. The most divergent subgroups were formed at K = 7. Of the peanut accessions, 26.4% originating from Asia (of which approximately 10.3% were from South Korea and 89.7% from other Asia origins), 45.5% from Africa, 20.9% from South America, 3.6% from North America, 1.8% from Europe, and 1.8% from Australia belonged to the red subgroup. The green subgroup revealed features of 50% accessions from South Korea and 50% from Africa. The dark blue subgroup showed features of 1.5% accessions from Asia, 20% from Africa, 75.5% from South America, 1.5% from North America, and 1.5% from Europe. The yellow subgroup showed features of 91.4% accessions from Asia (including about 87.5% from South Korea and 12.5% from other Asia origins), 2.9% from Africa, and 5.7% from South America. The pink subgroup consisted of 56.3% accessions from Asia (of which approximately 63.8% were from South Korea, and 36.2% from other Asia origins), 31% from Africa, 12% from South America, and 0.7% from Europe. The light blue subgroup showed features of accessions from only South America. The orange subgroup showed features of individuals with 76.9% of accessions from Asia (of which approximately 85% accessions were from South Korea and 15% from other Asia origins), 15.4% from Africa, and 7.7% from South America.
