**5. Conclusions**

A systematic scoping review of published studies specific to the biomechanics of table tennis maneuvers was conducted to categorize biomechanical variables within the domain of playing levels and maneuvers. This review could serve as the first scoping review to provide a clear overview about table tennis research in the past decades. Recent research on table tennis maneuvers targeted the differences between playing levels and between maneuvers using parameters which included ball and racket speed, joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography, and plantar pressure distribution.

Different maneuvers underlined changes on body posture and lines of movement which were accommodated particularly by racket face angle, trunk rotation, knee and elbow joints, and different contributions of muscles. Key findings regarding determinants of playing levels were summarized to offer practical implications as follows:


Moreover, this scoping review found that while most investigations focused on the upper and lower limb biomechanics of table tennis players performing different maneuvers, fewer studies looked into trunk kinematics and EMG. Furthermore, our study identified research gaps in backspin maneuvers and longline maneuvers, strikes against sidespin, and pen-hold players that warrant future investigations.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, D.W.-C.W., and W.-K.L.; methodology, D.W.-C.W.; validation, W.C.-C.L.; formal analysis, D.W.-C.W., W.C.-C.L., and W.-K.L.; data curation, D.W.-C.W., and W.C-C.L.; writing–original draft preparation, D.W.-C.W.; writing–review and editing, W.C.-C.L. and W.-K.L.; visualization, D.W.-C.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** This is to declare that W.L.K. is an employee of Li Ning Sports Goods Company Limited. While the company sold table tennis rackets and garments, there is no direct connection and conflict of interest to this review article.
