*3.6. Characterization of Substitution Rate*

To detect the genes that are under selection pressure, the substitution rate of the synonymous (dS) and non-synonymous (dN) substitution and the dN/dS ratio were analyzed using DNAsp v5.10.01 [80], the cp genome of *C. farinosa* was compared with the cp genome of *C. glandulosa*, *M. crassifolia* and *M. oblongifolia*. Separate protein-coding genes were aligned individually using Geneious version 8.1.3 software, while the protein sequence was translated from aligned sequences.
