**1. Introduction**

Domestication of crops was one of the most complex and dynamic processes in plant evolution driven by humans, as it changed the distribution and frequency of plant species on the planet. Crop domestication, through natural or artificial selection, generally results in a reduction of genetic diversity and in the loss of many adaptive traits from wild relatives [1,2]. The analysis of the genetic diversity of wild relatives and cultivated crops provided insight into the geographic and temporal details of domestication, whilst its estimation may provide the basis for developing suitable strategies for crop improvement, conservation and sustainable use [1]. Over past decades, molecular methods have been used to assess genetic diversity and, more recently, high throughput DNA sequencing technologies gave a huge boost to the estimation of genetic and adaptive diversity in crops and model plants [3–6].

Tomato (*Solanum lycopersicum* L.) is one of the most consumed vegetables in the world and belongs to the Solanaceae family, which includes species with a considerable economic importance (e.g., potato, pepper, eggplant, tobacco, and petunia) [7]. Within this family, *Solanum* is the largest and probably the most economically important genus, including both potatoes and tomatoes [8,9]. The original place of tomato domestication is still debated, however it is very likely that it occurred independently in the Peruvianum and Mexican regions [7]. The cultivated tomato, *S. lycopersicum* is divided into two botanical varieties *S. lycopersicum* var. *cerasiforme* (i.e., cherry tomato) and *S. lycopersicum* var. *lycopersicum*. Cherry tomato is native to the Andean region, but it also occurs in the subtropical areas and grows either as a true wild or cultivated species. For several years, cherry tomato has been considered an evolutionary intermediate between *S. pimpinellifolium*, the closest wild ancestor, and the cultivated *S. lycopersicum*. Recently, genetic studies [10] found cherry tomatoes were a mixture of wild and cultivated forms that likely originated from *S. pimpinellifolium*.

*S. lycopersicum* var. *lycopersicum* derived from cherry tomato through a multiphases process of domestication [11,12]. In particular, Blanca et al. [11] assumed a predomestication in the Andean regions that resulted into a wide morphological diversity of cherry tomatoes; then these genotypes reached Mesoamerica where the true domestication occurred. Here, traditional tomato varieties were developed and spread by Spanish conquistadors in Spain and Italy and, then, in the rest of the World. Since the late 18th century a strong selection activities has taken place in Europe, giving rise to a wide collection of tomato landraces adapted to local cultivation practices and environmental conditions [13–16]. More recently, these landraces gained increasing attention because of the high quality of fruits, their extended shelf-life and tolerance to environmental stresses [17–19]. Accordingly, several studies focused on the genome-wide characterization of the nuclear genetic diversity of various landraces [14–16,20–22].

Although it has been widely demonstrated the potentiality of cytoplasmic markers to study crop evolution and assess cytoplasmic bottlenecks occurred during the domestication history of several crops (i.e., rice, barley, potato, maize, and wheat) [23–28], to date little attention has been given to the analysis of the chloroplast genome in tomato landraces. Furthermore, a deeper knowledge of tomato plastomes would allow a better understanding of nuclear and cytoplasmic genome coevolution, and favor phylogenetic/barcoding studies and novel biotechnological approaches for breeding purposes [29–31].

In this work, we reported the complete plastome sequences of seven Italian cultivated tomato accessions grown in the Campania region (Southern Italy) and two wild species, namely *S. pimpinellifolium* and *S. neorickii*. Among Italian tomato accessions we selected the "Corbarino" landrace (processed tomato) characterized by obovoid fruits and moderate shelf-life, and six accessions belonging to the "Vesuviano" landrace (long shelf-life) characterized by hearth-shaped fruits with a pronounced pointed apex. Although they have the same place of origin, analysis based on nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed a different clustering for some of these accessions [22]. The selected wild species are among the phylogenetically closest and most distantly related species to cultivated tomatoes and belong to two different phyletic groups characterized by red/orange- or green-fruited species, respectively. In particular, we aim to estimate the nucleotide diversity of tomato plastomes, inferring phylogenetic relationships, shedding lights on *de novo* mutations likely associated with the domestication and on the potential cytoplasmic bottleneck occurred during such a process.
