*4.10. Analysis of DNA Damage*

The DNA damage caused by F5 was analyzed by evaluating the single-cell DNA damage (comet assay) and DNA laddering analysis. The alkaline comet assay was performed by using cells incubated with di fferent concentrations of F5 for 24 h. Experiments were carried out according to the method described by Fernando et al. (2018) [21]. For the DNA laddering analysis, the cells were incubated with samples for 24 h and harvested after PBS washing. The experiments were performed following the method described by Jayasooriya et al. (2012) [31].
