**4. Recent Uncommon Applications**

In addition to the classical therapeutic applications of fucoidans, including anti-coagulant [41,144], anti-viral [145,146], anti-inflammatory [46,147] and selective cytotoxic and anti-tumor uses [39,50], uncommon bioactivities, including cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, diagnostic, and synergistic therapeutic applications were recently reported [32]. Recent fucoidans uses included therapeutic treatment of major blindness diseases [148]. It has also been used as a drug carrier, especially for anti-cancer treatments and anti-biotics. Additionally, fucoidans have been shown to improve drug bioavailability and efficacy in pharmaceutical formulations, including in nanoparticles, liposomes, microparticles, and semisolid formulations [28,149,150]. Table 1 summarizes some of the recent and uncommon fucoidans applications based on in-vitro or in-vivo studies, in addition to biogenic resources and physicochemical features.

**Table 1.** Some selected recent therapeutic, diagnostic and pharmaceutical applications of fucoidans including the biogenic sources.


