*3.7. Analytical Methods*

The fucose was estimated using the protocol described by Gibbons [74], and l-fucose was utilized as the standard. Total sugar content was assayed using a phenol–sulfuric acid method using l-fucose as the standard. The sulfate content was determined according to the protocol described by Yang et al. [22]. Polyphenols were analyzed by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and gallic acid was used as the standard [75].
