*4.3. Placental Hypoxia*

Placental hypoxia was modeled by incubating placental explants in 1% oxygen with 5% CO2 at 37◦C in the presence or absence of <sup>1</sup>μg/mL hydroxychloroquine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Controls were incubated in 5% oxygen. The conditioned media were collected after 24 h and stored at -80◦C for sFlt-1, sEng, TNF-<sup>α</sup>, and activin A assay.
