*4.1. Animals*

Female timed-pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were obtained from Harlan Laboratories and arrived on gestational day (GD) 11. For timed pregnan<sup>t</sup> rats from Harlan Laboratories, the day of vaginal plug detection was considered gestational day 0. Pregnant rats were housed singly after surgery (GD 14) and had continuous access to standard rodent chow and tap water. One to two (1–2) fetuses per dam per endpoint were randomly selected at E19 from 5 dams per group. Both male and female fetuses were included in all analyses; however, the sex of individual fetuses was not determined. Rats were maintained on a 12 h light and 12 h dark cycle. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Mississippi Medical Center's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee before animal procedures commenced (1379A, June 16 2016).
