*Article* **Is a Training Program Sufficient to Improve the Smallholder Farmers' Productivity in Africa? Empirical Evidence from a Chinese Agricultural Technology Demonstration Center in Tanzania**

**George Mgendi 1, Shiping Mao 1,\* and Fangbin Qiao <sup>2</sup>**


**Abstract:** The article aims to analyze the effect of training programs on the yield of smallholder farmers. The empirical analysis employed a sample of data collected from a rice farming household in the Mvomero district of Tanzania. The results indicate that the yield outcome among trained and non-trained farmers with water access for irrigation was significantly more than double; however, the yield difference between trained and non-trained farmers was insignificant in non-irrigated plots. Our findings have policy implications for agricultural development in developing countries where training programs alone may not be a panacea for smallholder farmers' productivity improvement. Therefore, respective governments, policymakers, and other agricultural stakeholders, should consider both farm and non-farm factors altogether, which may increase agricultural training effectiveness to address the challenges of low yields.

**Keywords:** China-Africa cooperation; agricultural program; agricultural training; technology adoption
