**4. Data Reduction**

The battery temperature rise rate is calculated using Equation (2). The battery temperature rise rate is presented in ◦C/min [4].

$$\text{Battery temperature rise rate} = \frac{\text{End time temperature} - \text{Initial time temperature}}{\text{total time}} \tag{2}$$

The battery heating capacity is calculated using the battery temperature rise rate, mass of battery and specific heat of battery, as presented by Equation (3).

$$\text{Battery heating capacity} = m\_B \times \text{C}\_{pB} \times \text{Battery temperature rise rate} \tag{3}$$

Here, *m<sup>B</sup>* is mass of battery and *CpB* is specific heat of battery.

The HVAC heating capacity is calculated using the temperature difference of working fluid at the inlet and outlet of HVAC, flow rate of working fluid in HVAC and specific heat of working fluid, as presented by Equation (4).

$$\text{HVAC heating capacity} = \rho \times \dot{Q}\_{\text{HVAC}} \times \mathbb{C}\_{pf} \times \left( T\_{\text{HVAC,in}} - T\_{\text{HVAC,out}} \right) \tag{4}$$

Here, *ρ* is density of working fluid, . *QHVAC* is flow rate of working fluid in HVAC, *Cp f* is specific heat of working fluid, *THVAC*,*in* and *THVAC*,*out* are the temperatures of the working at the inlet and outlet of HVAC, respectively.

Equations (5)–(7) are used to calculate the coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup> ), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of variance (COV), respectively [43].

$$R^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum\_{m=1}^{n} \left(X\_{pre,m} - \chi\_{me,m}\right)^2}{\sum\_{m=1}^{n} \left(\chi\_{me,m}\right)^2} \tag{5}$$

$$RMSE = \sqrt{\frac{\sum\_{m=1}^{n} \left(X\_{pre,m} - Y\_{mea,m}\right)^2}{n}} \tag{6}$$

$$\text{COV} = \frac{\text{RMSE}}{|\overline{Y}\_{\text{mean}}|} \times 100 \tag{7}$$

Here, *n* presents number of data points, *Xpre*,*<sup>m</sup>* presents predicted value of output parameter at data point *m*, *Ymea*,*<sup>m</sup>* presents experimental (actual) value of output parameter at data point *m* and *Ymea* presents the average value of all experimental data points.
