*2.8. Cell Proliferation*

In order to fully reflect the application potential of ASC and PSC in biomedical materials, MC3T3E1, L929, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cells were selected to test

its in vitro cytotoxicity. Porcine collagen (PC) was used as a comparison group. According to Figure 5, the addition of collagen significantly promoted cell proliferation compared to the control group. MC3T3E1 and L929 cells had higher proliferation rates in the ASC treatment groups. However, HUVEC had a higher proliferation rate after PSC treatment. Besides, the ASC and PSC treatment groups had higher proliferation rates than the PC group in all three kinds of cells. It has been reported that Nile tilapia collagen contains an antibacterial tilapia piscidin (tp4) that has the ability to stimulate cell proliferation and activate epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [70]. In the study of blue shark skin collagen, PSC had a higher proliferation rate for differentiated mouse bone marrow-mesenchymal stem (dMBMS) cells than ASC, while ASC and PSC had no significant difference regarding the proliferation rate of MC3T3E1 cells [71]. The results indicate that both ASC and PSC have potential application in fields requiring wound dressing. The osteogenic properties of ASC make it suitable for applications in the field of bone and cartilage repair, while PSC could be used in areas such as the promotion of angiogenesis or artificial blood vessels.

**Figure 5.** The effect of ASC, PSC, and porcine collagen (PC) on cell proliferation. (**A**): MC3T3E1, (**B**): L929, (**C**): HUVEC. Values with \* show significant differences (*p* < 0.05) between groups, as determined by one-way ANOVA.
